diff --git a/src/txmempool.cpp b/src/txmempool.cpp
--- a/src/txmempool.cpp
+++ b/src/txmempool.cpp
@@ -1193,6 +1193,8 @@
 
 void CTxMemPool::LimitSize(CCoinsViewCache &coins_cache, size_t limit,
                            std::chrono::seconds age) {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
+    AssertLockHeld(cs);
     int expired = Expire(GetTime<std::chrono::seconds>() - age);
     if (expired != 0) {
         LogPrint(BCLog::MEMPOOL,
diff --git a/src/validation.h b/src/validation.h
--- a/src/validation.h
+++ b/src/validation.h
@@ -746,7 +746,8 @@
     //! @returns whether or not the CoinsViews object has been fully initialized
     //! and we can
     //!          safely flush this object to disk.
-    bool CanFlushToDisk() const EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main) {
+    bool CanFlushToDisk() const EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main) {
+        AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
         return m_coins_views && m_coins_views->m_cacheview;
     }
 
@@ -778,13 +779,17 @@
     std::set<CBlockIndex *, CBlockIndexWorkComparator> setBlockIndexCandidates;
 
     //! @returns A reference to the in-memory cache of the UTXO set.
-    CCoinsViewCache &CoinsTip() EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main) {
+    CCoinsViewCache &CoinsTip() EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main) {
+        AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
         assert(m_coins_views->m_cacheview);
         return *m_coins_views->m_cacheview.get();
     }
 
     //! @returns A reference to the on-disk UTXO set database.
-    CCoinsViewDB &CoinsDB() { return m_coins_views->m_dbview; }
+    CCoinsViewDB &CoinsDB() EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main) {
+        AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
+        return m_coins_views->m_dbview;
+    }
 
     //! @returns A pointer to the mempool.
     CTxMemPool *GetMempool() { return m_mempool; }
@@ -793,6 +798,7 @@
     //!     handles disk read errors gracefully.
     CCoinsViewErrorCatcher &CoinsErrorCatcher()
         EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main) {
+        AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
         return m_coins_views->m_catcherview;
     }
 
@@ -1219,6 +1225,7 @@
     CBlockIndex *ActiveTip() const { return ActiveChain().Tip(); }
 
     node::BlockMap &BlockIndex() EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main) {
+        AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
         return m_blockman.m_block_index;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/validation.cpp b/src/validation.cpp
--- a/src/validation.cpp
+++ b/src/validation.cpp
@@ -501,6 +501,8 @@
 };
 
 bool MemPoolAccept::PreChecks(ATMPArgs &args, Workspace &ws) {
+    AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
+    AssertLockHeld(m_pool.cs);
     const CTransactionRef &ptx = ws.m_ptx;
     const CTransaction &tx = *ws.m_ptx;
     const TxId &txid = ws.m_ptx->GetId();
@@ -726,6 +728,8 @@
 }
 
 bool MemPoolAccept::ConsensusScriptChecks(const ATMPArgs &args, Workspace &ws) {
+    AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
+    AssertLockHeld(m_pool.cs);
     const CTransaction &tx = *ws.m_ptx;
     const TxId &txid = tx.GetId();
     TxValidationState &state = ws.m_state;
@@ -768,6 +772,8 @@
 }
 
 bool MemPoolAccept::Finalize(const ATMPArgs &args, Workspace &ws) {
+    AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
+    AssertLockHeld(m_pool.cs);
     const TxId &txid = ws.m_ptx->GetId();
     TxValidationState &state = ws.m_state;
     const bool bypass_limits = args.m_bypass_limits;
@@ -1098,7 +1104,7 @@
                                        const CTransactionRef &tx,
                                        int64_t accept_time, bool bypass_limits,
                                        bool test_accept) {
-    AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     assert(active_chainstate.GetMempool() != nullptr);
     CTxMemPool &pool{*active_chainstate.GetMempool()};
 
@@ -1183,6 +1189,7 @@
       m_catcherview(&m_dbview) {}
 
 void CoinsViews::InitCache() {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     m_cacheview = std::make_unique<CCoinsViewCache>(&m_catcherview);
 }
 
@@ -1203,6 +1210,7 @@
 }
 
 void CChainState::InitCoinsCache(size_t cache_size_bytes) {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     assert(m_coins_views != nullptr);
     m_coinstip_cache_size_bytes = cache_size_bytes;
     m_coins_views->InitCache();
@@ -1379,6 +1387,7 @@
 // InvalidateBlock, which does its own setBlockIndexCandidates management.
 void CChainState::InvalidBlockFound(CBlockIndex *pindex,
                                     const BlockValidationState &state) {
+    AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
     if (state.GetResult() != BlockValidationResult::BLOCK_MUTATED) {
         pindex->nStatus = pindex->nStatus.withFailed();
         m_chainman.m_failed_blocks.insert(pindex);
@@ -2204,6 +2213,7 @@
 }
 
 CoinsCacheSizeState CChainState::GetCoinsCacheSizeState() {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     return this->GetCoinsCacheSizeState(
         m_coinstip_cache_size_bytes,
         gArgs.GetIntArg("-maxmempool", DEFAULT_MAX_MEMPOOL_SIZE) * 1000000);
@@ -2212,6 +2222,7 @@
 CoinsCacheSizeState
 CChainState::GetCoinsCacheSizeState(size_t max_coins_cache_size_bytes,
                                     size_t max_mempool_size_bytes) {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     int64_t nMempoolUsage = m_mempool ? m_mempool->DynamicMemoryUsage() : 0;
     int64_t cacheSize = CoinsTip().DynamicMemoryUsage();
     int64_t nTotalSpace =
@@ -2434,6 +2445,7 @@
 }
 
 void CChainState::UpdateTip(const CBlockIndex *pindexNew) {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     const auto &coins_tip = CoinsTip();
 
     // The remainder of the function isn't relevant if we are not acting on
@@ -2811,7 +2823,7 @@
  * invalid (it's however far from certain to be valid).
  */
 CBlockIndex *CChainState::FindMostWorkChain() {
-    AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     do {
         CBlockIndex *pindexNew = nullptr;
 
@@ -3176,7 +3188,7 @@
     // far from a guarantee. Things in the P2P/RPC will often end up calling
     // us in the middle of ProcessNewBlock - do not assume pblock is set
     // sanely for performance or correctness!
-    AssertLockNotHeld(cs_main);
+    AssertLockNotHeld(::cs_main);
 
     // ABC maintains a fair degree of expensive-to-calculate internal state
     // because this function periodically releases cs_main so that it does not
@@ -3307,6 +3319,8 @@
 bool CChainState::PreciousBlock(const Config &config,
                                 BlockValidationState &state,
                                 CBlockIndex *pindex) {
+    AssertLockNotHeld(m_chainstate_mutex);
+    AssertLockNotHeld(::cs_main);
     {
         LOCK(cs_main);
         if (pindex->nChainWork < m_chain.Tip()->nChainWork) {
@@ -3540,6 +3554,7 @@
                                   BlockValidationState &state,
                                   CBlockIndex *pindex) {
     AssertLockNotHeld(m_chainstate_mutex);
+    AssertLockNotHeld(::cs_main);
     // See 'Note for backport of Core PR16849' in CChainState::UnwindBlock
     LOCK(m_chainstate_mutex);
 
@@ -3549,6 +3564,7 @@
 bool CChainState::ParkBlock(const Config &config, BlockValidationState &state,
                             CBlockIndex *pindex) {
     AssertLockNotHeld(m_chainstate_mutex);
+    AssertLockNotHeld(::cs_main);
     // See 'Note for backport of Core PR16849' in CChainState::UnwindBlock
     LOCK(m_chainstate_mutex);
 
@@ -3559,6 +3575,7 @@
                                 BlockValidationState &state,
                                 CBlockIndex *pindex) {
     AssertLockNotHeld(m_chainstate_mutex);
+    AssertLockNotHeld(::cs_main);
     // See 'Note for backport of Core PR16849' in CChainState::UnwindBlock
     LOCK(m_chainstate_mutex);
 
@@ -3935,7 +3952,8 @@
                            const CBlockHeader &block,
                            BlockValidationState &state, BlockManager &blockman,
                            const CBlockIndex *pindexPrev, int64_t nAdjustedTime)
-    EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(cs_main) {
+    EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main) {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     assert(pindexPrev != nullptr);
     const int nHeight = pindexPrev->nHeight + 1;
 
@@ -4517,6 +4535,7 @@
 MempoolAcceptResult
 ChainstateManager::ProcessTransaction(const CTransactionRef &tx,
                                       bool test_accept) {
+    AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
     CChainState &active_chainstate = ActiveChainstate();
     if (!active_chainstate.GetMempool()) {
         TxValidationState state;
@@ -4809,6 +4828,7 @@
  */
 bool CChainState::RollforwardBlock(const CBlockIndex *pindex,
                                    CCoinsViewCache &view) {
+    AssertLockHeld(cs_main);
     // TODO: merge with ConnectBlock
     CBlock block;
     if (!ReadBlockFromDisk(block, pindex, m_params.GetConsensus())) {
@@ -4935,6 +4955,7 @@
 // May NOT be used after any connections are up as much of the peer-processing
 // logic assumes a consistent block index state
 void CChainState::UnloadBlockIndex() {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     nBlockSequenceId = 1;
     setBlockIndexCandidates.clear();
 
@@ -5011,6 +5032,7 @@
 
 void CChainState::LoadExternalBlockFile(const Config &config, FILE *fileIn,
                                         FlatFilePos *dbp) {
+    AssertLockNotHeld(m_chainstate_mutex);
     // Map of disk positions for blocks with unknown parent (only used for
     // reindex)
     static std::multimap<uint256, FlatFilePos> mapBlocksUnknownParent;
@@ -5508,6 +5530,7 @@
 }
 
 std::string CChainState::ToString() {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     CBlockIndex *tip = m_chain.Tip();
     return strprintf("Chainstate [%s] @ height %d (%s)",
                      m_from_snapshot_blockhash ? "snapshot" : "ibd",
@@ -5516,6 +5539,7 @@
 }
 
 bool CChainState::ResizeCoinsCaches(size_t coinstip_size, size_t coinsdb_size) {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     if (coinstip_size == m_coinstip_cache_size_bytes &&
         coinsdb_size == m_coinsdb_cache_size_bytes) {
         // Cache sizes are unchanged, no need to continue.
@@ -5763,6 +5787,7 @@
 
 CChainState &ChainstateManager::InitializeChainstate(
     CTxMemPool *mempool, const std::optional<BlockHash> &snapshot_blockhash) {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     bool is_snapshot = snapshot_blockhash.has_value();
     std::unique_ptr<CChainState> &to_modify =
         is_snapshot ? m_snapshot_chainstate : m_ibd_chainstate;
@@ -6118,6 +6143,7 @@
 }
 
 void ChainstateManager::Unload() {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     for (CChainState *chainstate : this->GetAll()) {
         chainstate->m_chain.SetTip(nullptr);
         chainstate->UnloadBlockIndex();
@@ -6138,6 +6164,7 @@
 }
 
 void ChainstateManager::MaybeRebalanceCaches() {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
     if (m_ibd_chainstate && !m_snapshot_chainstate) {
         LogPrintf("[snapshot] allocating all cache to the IBD chainstate\n");
         // Allocate everything to the IBD chainstate.