diff --git a/src/wallet/bdb.cpp b/src/wallet/bdb.cpp
index 105bd9da0..e02d036c8 100644
--- a/src/wallet/bdb.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/bdb.cpp
@@ -1,932 +1,927 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2020 The Bitcoin Core developers
 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
 #include <wallet/bdb.h>
 #include <wallet/db.h>
 
 #include <util/strencodings.h>
 #include <util/translation.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #ifndef WIN32
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #endif
 
 namespace {
 //! Make sure database has a unique fileid within the environment. If it
 //! doesn't, throw an error. BDB caches do not work properly when more than one
 //! open database has the same fileid (values written to one database may show
 //! up in reads to other databases).
 //!
 //! BerkeleyDB generates unique fileids by default
 //! (https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17275_01/html/programmer_reference/program_copy.html),
 //! so bitcoin should never create different databases with the same fileid, but
 //! this error can be triggered if users manually copy database files.
 void CheckUniqueFileid(const BerkeleyEnvironment &env,
                        const std::string &filename, Db &db,
                        WalletDatabaseFileId &fileid) {
     if (env.IsMock()) {
         return;
     }
 
     int ret = db.get_mpf()->get_fileid(fileid.value);
     if (ret != 0) {
         throw std::runtime_error(
             strprintf("BerkeleyDatabase: Can't open database %s (get_fileid "
                       "failed with %d)",
                       filename, ret));
     }
 
     for (const auto &item : env.m_fileids) {
         if (fileid == item.second && &fileid != &item.second) {
             throw std::runtime_error(
                 strprintf("BerkeleyDatabase: Can't open database %s "
                           "(duplicates fileid %s "
                           "from %s)",
                           filename, HexStr(item.second.value), item.first));
         }
     }
 }
 
 RecursiveMutex cs_db;
 
 //! Map from directory name to db environment.
 std::map<std::string, std::weak_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment>>
     g_dbenvs GUARDED_BY(cs_db);
 } // namespace
 
 bool WalletDatabaseFileId::operator==(const WalletDatabaseFileId &rhs) const {
     return memcmp(value, &rhs.value, sizeof(value)) == 0;
 }
 
 /**
  * @param[in] wallet_path Path to wallet directory. Or (for backwards
  * compatibility only) a path to a berkeley btree data file inside a wallet
  * directory.
  * @param[out] database_filename Filename of berkeley btree data file inside the
  * wallet directory.
  * @return A shared pointer to the BerkeleyEnvironment object for the wallet
  * directory, never empty because ~BerkeleyEnvironment erases the weak pointer
  * from the g_dbenvs map.
  * @post A new BerkeleyEnvironment weak pointer is inserted into g_dbenvs if the
  * directory path key was not already in the map.
  */
 std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment>
 GetWalletEnv(const fs::path &wallet_path, std::string &database_filename) {
     fs::path env_directory;
     SplitWalletPath(wallet_path, env_directory, database_filename);
     LOCK(cs_db);
     auto inserted = g_dbenvs.emplace(env_directory.string(),
                                      std::weak_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment>());
     if (inserted.second) {
         auto env =
             std::make_shared<BerkeleyEnvironment>(env_directory.string());
         inserted.first->second = env;
         return env;
     }
     return inserted.first->second.lock();
 }
 
 //
 // BerkeleyBatch
 //
 
 void BerkeleyEnvironment::Close() {
     if (!fDbEnvInit) {
         return;
     }
 
     fDbEnvInit = false;
 
     for (auto &db : m_databases) {
         BerkeleyDatabase &database = db.second.get();
         assert(database.m_refcount <= 0);
         if (database.m_db) {
             database.m_db->close(0);
             database.m_db.reset();
         }
     }
 
     FILE *error_file = nullptr;
     dbenv->get_errfile(&error_file);
 
     int ret = dbenv->close(0);
     if (ret != 0) {
         LogPrintf("BerkeleyEnvironment::Close: Error %d closing database "
                   "environment: %s\n",
                   ret, DbEnv::strerror(ret));
     }
     if (!fMockDb) {
         DbEnv(u_int32_t(0)).remove(strPath.c_str(), 0);
     }
 
     if (error_file) {
         fclose(error_file);
     }
 
     UnlockDirectory(strPath, ".walletlock");
 }
 
 void BerkeleyEnvironment::Reset() {
     dbenv.reset(new DbEnv(DB_CXX_NO_EXCEPTIONS));
     fDbEnvInit = false;
     fMockDb = false;
 }
 
 BerkeleyEnvironment::BerkeleyEnvironment(const fs::path &dir_path)
     : strPath(dir_path.string()) {
     Reset();
 }
 
 BerkeleyEnvironment::~BerkeleyEnvironment() {
     LOCK(cs_db);
     g_dbenvs.erase(strPath);
     Close();
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyEnvironment::Open(bilingual_str &err) {
     if (fDbEnvInit) {
         return true;
     }
 
     fs::path pathIn = strPath;
     TryCreateDirectories(pathIn);
     if (!LockDirectory(pathIn, ".walletlock")) {
         LogPrintf("Cannot obtain a lock on wallet directory %s. Another "
                   "instance of bitcoin may be using it.\n",
                   strPath);
         err = strprintf(_("Error initializing wallet database environment %s!"),
                         Directory());
         return false;
     }
 
     fs::path pathLogDir = pathIn / "database";
     TryCreateDirectories(pathLogDir);
     fs::path pathErrorFile = pathIn / "db.log";
     LogPrintf("BerkeleyEnvironment::Open: LogDir=%s ErrorFile=%s\n",
               pathLogDir.string(), pathErrorFile.string());
 
     unsigned int nEnvFlags = 0;
     if (gArgs.GetBoolArg("-privdb", DEFAULT_WALLET_PRIVDB)) {
         nEnvFlags |= DB_PRIVATE;
     }
 
     dbenv->set_lg_dir(pathLogDir.string().c_str());
     // 1 MiB should be enough for just the wallet
     dbenv->set_cachesize(0, 0x100000, 1);
     dbenv->set_lg_bsize(0x10000);
     dbenv->set_lg_max(1048576);
     dbenv->set_lk_max_locks(40000);
     dbenv->set_lk_max_objects(40000);
     /// debug
     dbenv->set_errfile(fsbridge::fopen(pathErrorFile, "a"));
     dbenv->set_flags(DB_AUTO_COMMIT, 1);
     dbenv->set_flags(DB_TXN_WRITE_NOSYNC, 1);
     dbenv->log_set_config(DB_LOG_AUTO_REMOVE, 1);
     int ret =
         dbenv->open(strPath.c_str(),
                     DB_CREATE | DB_INIT_LOCK | DB_INIT_LOG | DB_INIT_MPOOL |
                         DB_INIT_TXN | DB_THREAD | DB_RECOVER | nEnvFlags,
                     S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
     if (ret != 0) {
         LogPrintf("BerkeleyEnvironment::Open: Error %d opening database "
                   "environment: %s\n",
                   ret, DbEnv::strerror(ret));
         int ret2 = dbenv->close(0);
         if (ret2 != 0) {
             LogPrintf("BerkeleyEnvironment::Open: Error %d closing failed "
                       "database environment: %s\n",
                       ret2, DbEnv::strerror(ret2));
         }
         Reset();
         err = strprintf(_("Error initializing wallet database environment %s!"),
                         Directory());
         if (ret == DB_RUNRECOVERY) {
             err += Untranslated(" ") +
                    _("This error could occur if this wallet was not shutdown "
                      "cleanly and was last loaded using a build with a newer "
                      "version of Berkeley DB. If so, please use the software "
                      "that last loaded this wallet");
         }
         return false;
     }
 
     fDbEnvInit = true;
     fMockDb = false;
     return true;
 }
 
 //! Construct an in-memory mock Berkeley environment for testing
 BerkeleyEnvironment::BerkeleyEnvironment() {
     Reset();
 
     LogPrint(BCLog::WALLETDB, "BerkeleyEnvironment::MakeMock\n");
 
     dbenv->set_cachesize(1, 0, 1);
     dbenv->set_lg_bsize(10485760 * 4);
     dbenv->set_lg_max(10485760);
     dbenv->set_lk_max_locks(10000);
     dbenv->set_lk_max_objects(10000);
     dbenv->set_flags(DB_AUTO_COMMIT, 1);
     dbenv->log_set_config(DB_LOG_IN_MEMORY, 1);
     int ret =
         dbenv->open(nullptr,
                     DB_CREATE | DB_INIT_LOCK | DB_INIT_LOG | DB_INIT_MPOOL |
                         DB_INIT_TXN | DB_THREAD | DB_PRIVATE,
                     S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
     if (ret > 0) {
         throw std::runtime_error(
             strprintf("BerkeleyEnvironment::MakeMock: Error %d opening "
                       "database environment.",
                       ret));
     }
 
     fDbEnvInit = true;
     fMockDb = true;
 }
 
 BerkeleyBatch::SafeDbt::SafeDbt() {
     m_dbt.set_flags(DB_DBT_MALLOC);
 }
 
 BerkeleyBatch::SafeDbt::SafeDbt(void *data, size_t size) : m_dbt(data, size) {}
 
 BerkeleyBatch::SafeDbt::~SafeDbt() {
     if (m_dbt.get_data() != nullptr) {
         // Clear memory, e.g. in case it was a private key
         memory_cleanse(m_dbt.get_data(), m_dbt.get_size());
         // under DB_DBT_MALLOC, data is malloced by the Dbt, but must be
         // freed by the caller.
         // https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E17275_01/html/api_reference/C/dbt.html
         if (m_dbt.get_flags() & DB_DBT_MALLOC) {
             free(m_dbt.get_data());
         }
     }
 }
 
 const void *BerkeleyBatch::SafeDbt::get_data() const {
     return m_dbt.get_data();
 }
 
 u_int32_t BerkeleyBatch::SafeDbt::get_size() const {
     return m_dbt.get_size();
 }
 
 BerkeleyBatch::SafeDbt::operator Dbt *() {
     return &m_dbt;
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyDatabase::Verify(bilingual_str &errorStr) {
     fs::path walletDir = env->Directory();
     fs::path file_path = walletDir / strFile;
 
     LogPrintf("Using BerkeleyDB version %s\n", BerkeleyDatabaseVersion());
     LogPrintf("Using wallet %s\n", file_path.string());
 
     if (!env->Open(errorStr)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     if (fs::exists(file_path)) {
         assert(m_refcount == 0);
 
         Db db(env->dbenv.get(), 0);
         int result = db.verify(strFile.c_str(), nullptr, nullptr, 0);
         if (result != 0) {
             errorStr =
                 strprintf(_("%s corrupt. Try using the wallet tool "
                             "bitcoin-wallet to salvage or restoring a backup."),
                           file_path);
             return false;
         }
     }
     // also return true if files does not exists
     return true;
 }
 
 void BerkeleyEnvironment::CheckpointLSN(const std::string &strFile) {
     dbenv->txn_checkpoint(0, 0, 0);
     if (fMockDb) {
         return;
     }
     dbenv->lsn_reset(strFile.c_str(), 0);
 }
 
 BerkeleyDatabase::~BerkeleyDatabase() {
     if (env) {
         LOCK(cs_db);
         env->CloseDb(strFile);
         assert(!m_db);
         size_t erased = env->m_databases.erase(strFile);
         assert(erased == 1);
         env->m_fileids.erase(strFile);
     }
 }
 
-BerkeleyBatch::BerkeleyBatch(BerkeleyDatabase &database, const char *pszMode,
+BerkeleyBatch::BerkeleyBatch(BerkeleyDatabase &database, const bool read_only,
                              bool fFlushOnCloseIn)
     : pdb(nullptr), activeTxn(nullptr), m_cursor(nullptr),
       m_database(database) {
     database.AddRef();
-    database.Open(pszMode);
-    fReadOnly = (!strchr(pszMode, '+') && !strchr(pszMode, 'w'));
+    database.Open();
+    fReadOnly = read_only;
     fFlushOnClose = fFlushOnCloseIn;
     env = database.env.get();
     pdb = database.m_db.get();
     strFile = database.strFile;
-    bool fCreate = strchr(pszMode, 'c') != nullptr;
-    if (fCreate && !Exists(std::string("version"))) {
+    if (!Exists(std::string("version"))) {
         bool fTmp = fReadOnly;
         fReadOnly = false;
         Write(std::string("version"), CLIENT_VERSION);
         fReadOnly = fTmp;
     }
 }
 
-void BerkeleyDatabase::Open(const char *pszMode) {
-    bool fCreate = strchr(pszMode, 'c') != nullptr;
-    unsigned int nFlags = DB_THREAD;
-    if (fCreate) {
-        nFlags |= DB_CREATE;
-    }
+void BerkeleyDatabase::Open() {
+    unsigned int nFlags = DB_THREAD | DB_CREATE;
 
     {
         LOCK(cs_db);
         bilingual_str open_err;
         if (!env->Open(open_err)) {
             throw std::runtime_error(
                 "BerkeleyDatabase: Failed to open database environment.");
         }
 
         if (m_db == nullptr) {
             int ret;
             std::unique_ptr<Db> pdb_temp =
                 std::make_unique<Db>(env->dbenv.get(), 0);
 
             bool fMockDb = env->IsMock();
             if (fMockDb) {
                 DbMpoolFile *mpf = pdb_temp->get_mpf();
                 ret = mpf->set_flags(DB_MPOOL_NOFILE, 1);
                 if (ret != 0) {
                     throw std::runtime_error(strprintf(
                         "BerkeleyDatabase: Failed to configure for no "
                         "temp file backing for database %s",
                         strFile));
                 }
             }
 
             ret = pdb_temp->open(
                 nullptr,                             // Txn pointer
                 fMockDb ? nullptr : strFile.c_str(), // Filename
                 fMockDb ? strFile.c_str() : "main",  // Logical db name
                 DB_BTREE,                            // Database type
                 nFlags,                              // Flags
                 0);
 
             if (ret != 0) {
                 throw std::runtime_error(strprintf(
                     "BerkeleyDatabase: Error %d, can't open database %s", ret,
                     strFile));
             }
 
             // Call CheckUniqueFileid on the containing BDB environment to
             // avoid BDB data consistency bugs that happen when different data
             // files in the same environment have the same fileid.
             CheckUniqueFileid(*env, strFile, *pdb_temp,
                               this->env->m_fileids[strFile]);
 
             m_db.reset(pdb_temp.release());
         }
     }
 }
 
 void BerkeleyBatch::Flush() {
     if (activeTxn) {
         return;
     }
 
     // Flush database activity from memory pool to disk log
     unsigned int nMinutes = 0;
     if (fReadOnly) {
         nMinutes = 1;
     }
 
     // env is nullptr for dummy databases (i.e. in tests). Don't actually flush
     // if env is nullptr so we don't segfault
     if (env) {
         env->dbenv->txn_checkpoint(
             nMinutes
                 ? gArgs.GetArg("-dblogsize", DEFAULT_WALLET_DBLOGSIZE) * 1024
                 : 0,
             nMinutes, 0);
     }
 }
 
 void BerkeleyDatabase::IncrementUpdateCounter() {
     ++nUpdateCounter;
 }
 
 BerkeleyBatch::~BerkeleyBatch() {
     Close();
     m_database.RemoveRef();
 }
 
 void BerkeleyBatch::Close() {
     if (!pdb) {
         return;
     }
     if (activeTxn) {
         activeTxn->abort();
     }
     activeTxn = nullptr;
     pdb = nullptr;
     CloseCursor();
 
     if (fFlushOnClose) {
         Flush();
     }
 }
 
 void BerkeleyEnvironment::CloseDb(const std::string &strFile) {
     LOCK(cs_db);
     auto it = m_databases.find(strFile);
     assert(it != m_databases.end());
     BerkeleyDatabase &database = it->second.get();
     if (database.m_db) {
         // Close the database handle
         database.m_db->close(0);
         database.m_db.reset();
     }
 }
 
 void BerkeleyEnvironment::ReloadDbEnv() {
     // Make sure that no Db's are in use
     AssertLockNotHeld(cs_db);
     std::unique_lock<RecursiveMutex> lock(cs_db);
     m_db_in_use.wait(lock, [this]() {
         for (auto &db : m_databases) {
             if (db.second.get().m_refcount > 0) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         return true;
     });
 
     std::vector<std::string> filenames;
     for (auto it : m_databases) {
         filenames.push_back(it.first);
     }
     // Close the individual Db's
     for (const std::string &filename : filenames) {
         CloseDb(filename);
     }
     // Reset the environment
     // This will flush and close the environment
     Flush(true);
     Reset();
     bilingual_str open_err;
     Open(open_err);
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyDatabase::Rewrite(const char *pszSkip) {
     while (true) {
         {
             LOCK(cs_db);
             if (m_refcount <= 0) {
                 // Flush log data to the dat file
                 env->CloseDb(strFile);
                 env->CheckpointLSN(strFile);
                 m_refcount = -1;
 
                 bool fSuccess = true;
                 LogPrintf("BerkeleyBatch::Rewrite: Rewriting %s...\n", strFile);
                 std::string strFileRes = strFile + ".rewrite";
                 { // surround usage of db with extra {}
-                    BerkeleyBatch db(*this, "r");
+                    BerkeleyBatch db(*this, true);
                     std::unique_ptr<Db> pdbCopy =
                         std::make_unique<Db>(env->dbenv.get(), 0);
 
                     int ret = pdbCopy->open(nullptr,            // Txn pointer
                                             strFileRes.c_str(), // Filename
                                             "main",    // Logical db name
                                             DB_BTREE,  // Database type
                                             DB_CREATE, // Flags
                                             0);
                     if (ret > 0) {
                         LogPrintf("BerkeleyBatch::Rewrite: Can't create "
                                   "database file %s\n",
                                   strFileRes);
                         fSuccess = false;
                     }
 
                     if (db.StartCursor()) {
                         while (fSuccess) {
                             CDataStream ssKey(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
                             CDataStream ssValue(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
                             bool complete;
                             bool ret1 =
                                 db.ReadAtCursor(ssKey, ssValue, complete);
                             if (complete) {
                                 break;
                             }
                             if (!ret1) {
                                 fSuccess = false;
                                 break;
                             }
                             if (pszSkip &&
                                 strncmp(ssKey.data(), pszSkip,
                                         std::min(ssKey.size(),
                                                  strlen(pszSkip))) == 0) {
                                 continue;
                             }
                             if (strncmp(ssKey.data(), "\x07version", 8) == 0) {
                                 // Update version:
                                 ssValue.clear();
                                 ssValue << CLIENT_VERSION;
                             }
                             Dbt datKey(ssKey.data(), ssKey.size());
                             Dbt datValue(ssValue.data(), ssValue.size());
                             int ret2 = pdbCopy->put(nullptr, &datKey, &datValue,
                                                     DB_NOOVERWRITE);
                             if (ret2 > 0) {
                                 fSuccess = false;
                             }
                         }
                         db.CloseCursor();
                     }
                     if (fSuccess) {
                         db.Close();
                         env->CloseDb(strFile);
                         if (pdbCopy->close(0)) {
                             fSuccess = false;
                         }
                     } else {
                         pdbCopy->close(0);
                     }
                 }
                 if (fSuccess) {
                     Db dbA(env->dbenv.get(), 0);
                     if (dbA.remove(strFile.c_str(), nullptr, 0)) {
                         fSuccess = false;
                     }
                     Db dbB(env->dbenv.get(), 0);
                     if (dbB.rename(strFileRes.c_str(), nullptr, strFile.c_str(),
                                    0)) {
                         fSuccess = false;
                     }
                 }
                 if (!fSuccess) {
                     LogPrintf("BerkeleyBatch::Rewrite: Failed to rewrite "
                               "database file %s\n",
                               strFileRes);
                 }
                 return fSuccess;
             }
         }
         UninterruptibleSleep(std::chrono::milliseconds{100});
     }
 }
 
 void BerkeleyEnvironment::Flush(bool fShutdown) {
     int64_t nStart = GetTimeMillis();
     // Flush log data to the actual data file on all files that are not in use
     LogPrint(BCLog::WALLETDB, "BerkeleyEnvironment::Flush: [%s] Flush(%s)%s\n",
              strPath, fShutdown ? "true" : "false",
              fDbEnvInit ? "" : " database not started");
     if (!fDbEnvInit) {
         return;
     }
     {
         LOCK(cs_db);
         bool no_dbs_accessed = true;
         for (auto &db_it : m_databases) {
             std::string strFile = db_it.first;
             int nRefCount = db_it.second.get().m_refcount;
             if (nRefCount < 0) {
                 continue;
             }
             LogPrint(
                 BCLog::WALLETDB,
                 "BerkeleyEnvironment::Flush: Flushing %s (refcount = %d)...\n",
                 strFile, nRefCount);
             if (nRefCount == 0) {
                 // Move log data to the dat file
                 CloseDb(strFile);
                 LogPrint(BCLog::WALLETDB,
                          "BerkeleyEnvironment::Flush: %s checkpoint\n",
                          strFile);
                 dbenv->txn_checkpoint(0, 0, 0);
                 LogPrint(BCLog::WALLETDB,
                          "BerkeleyEnvironment::Flush: %s detach\n", strFile);
                 if (!fMockDb) {
                     dbenv->lsn_reset(strFile.c_str(), 0);
                 }
                 LogPrint(BCLog::WALLETDB,
                          "BerkeleyEnvironment::Flush: %s closed\n", strFile);
                 nRefCount = -1;
             } else {
                 no_dbs_accessed = false;
             }
         }
         LogPrint(BCLog::WALLETDB,
                  "BerkeleyEnvironment::Flush: Flush(%s)%s took %15dms\n",
                  fShutdown ? "true" : "false",
                  fDbEnvInit ? "" : " database not started",
                  GetTimeMillis() - nStart);
         if (fShutdown) {
             char **listp;
             if (no_dbs_accessed) {
                 dbenv->log_archive(&listp, DB_ARCH_REMOVE);
                 Close();
                 if (!fMockDb) {
                     fs::remove_all(fs::path(strPath) / "database");
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyDatabase::PeriodicFlush() {
     // Don't flush if we can't acquire the lock.
     TRY_LOCK(cs_db, lockDb);
     if (!lockDb) {
         return false;
     }
 
     // Don't flush if any databases are in use
     for (auto &it : env->m_databases) {
         if (it.second.get().m_refcount > 0) {
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     // Don't flush if there haven't been any batch writes for this database.
     if (m_refcount < 0) {
         return false;
     }
 
     LogPrint(BCLog::WALLETDB, "Flushing %s\n", strFile);
     int64_t nStart = GetTimeMillis();
 
     // Flush wallet file so it's self contained
     env->CloseDb(strFile);
     env->CheckpointLSN(strFile);
     m_refcount = -1;
 
     LogPrint(BCLog::WALLETDB, "Flushed %s %dms\n", strFile,
              GetTimeMillis() - nStart);
 
     return true;
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyDatabase::Backup(const std::string &strDest) const {
     while (true) {
         {
             LOCK(cs_db);
             if (m_refcount <= 0) {
                 // Flush log data to the dat file
                 env->CloseDb(strFile);
                 env->CheckpointLSN(strFile);
 
                 // Copy wallet file.
                 fs::path pathSrc = env->Directory() / strFile;
                 fs::path pathDest(strDest);
                 if (fs::is_directory(pathDest)) {
                     pathDest /= strFile;
                 }
 
                 try {
                     if (fs::equivalent(pathSrc, pathDest)) {
                         LogPrintf("cannot backup to wallet source file %s\n",
                                   pathDest.string());
                         return false;
                     }
 
                     fs::copy_file(pathSrc, pathDest,
                                   fs::copy_option::overwrite_if_exists);
                     LogPrintf("copied %s to %s\n", strFile, pathDest.string());
                     return true;
                 } catch (const fs::filesystem_error &e) {
                     LogPrintf("error copying %s to %s - %s\n", strFile,
                               pathDest.string(),
                               fsbridge::get_filesystem_error_message(e));
                     return false;
                 }
             }
         }
         UninterruptibleSleep(std::chrono::milliseconds{100});
     }
 }
 
 void BerkeleyDatabase::Flush() {
     env->Flush(false);
 }
 
 void BerkeleyDatabase::Close() {
     env->Flush(true);
 }
 
 void BerkeleyDatabase::ReloadDbEnv() {
     env->ReloadDbEnv();
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyBatch::StartCursor() {
     assert(!m_cursor);
     if (!pdb) {
         return false;
     }
     int ret = pdb->cursor(nullptr, &m_cursor, 0);
     return ret == 0;
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyBatch::ReadAtCursor(CDataStream &ssKey, CDataStream &ssValue,
                                  bool &complete) {
     complete = false;
     if (m_cursor == nullptr) {
         return false;
     }
     // Read at cursor
     SafeDbt datKey;
     SafeDbt datValue;
     int ret = m_cursor->get(datKey, datValue, DB_NEXT);
     if (ret == DB_NOTFOUND) {
         complete = true;
     }
     if (ret != 0) {
         return false;
     } else if (datKey.get_data() == nullptr || datValue.get_data() == nullptr) {
         return false;
     }
 
     // Convert to streams
     ssKey.SetType(SER_DISK);
     ssKey.clear();
     ssKey.write((char *)datKey.get_data(), datKey.get_size());
     ssValue.SetType(SER_DISK);
     ssValue.clear();
     ssValue.write((char *)datValue.get_data(), datValue.get_size());
     return true;
 }
 
 void BerkeleyBatch::CloseCursor() {
     if (!m_cursor) {
         return;
     }
     m_cursor->close();
     m_cursor = nullptr;
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyBatch::TxnBegin() {
     if (!pdb || activeTxn) {
         return false;
     }
     DbTxn *ptxn = env->TxnBegin();
     if (!ptxn) {
         return false;
     }
     activeTxn = ptxn;
     return true;
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyBatch::TxnCommit() {
     if (!pdb || !activeTxn) {
         return false;
     }
     int ret = activeTxn->commit(0);
     activeTxn = nullptr;
     return (ret == 0);
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyBatch::TxnAbort() {
     if (!pdb || !activeTxn) {
         return false;
     }
     int ret = activeTxn->abort();
     activeTxn = nullptr;
     return (ret == 0);
 }
 
 std::string BerkeleyDatabaseVersion() {
     return DbEnv::version(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyBatch::ReadKey(CDataStream &&key, CDataStream &value) {
     if (!pdb) {
         return false;
     }
 
     SafeDbt datKey(key.data(), key.size());
 
     SafeDbt datValue;
     int ret = pdb->get(activeTxn, datKey, datValue, 0);
     if (ret == 0 && datValue.get_data() != nullptr) {
         value.write((char *)datValue.get_data(), datValue.get_size());
         return true;
     }
     return false;
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyBatch::WriteKey(CDataStream &&key, CDataStream &&value,
                              bool overwrite) {
     if (!pdb) {
         return false;
     }
 
     if (fReadOnly) {
         assert(!"Write called on database in read-only mode");
     }
 
     SafeDbt datKey(key.data(), key.size());
 
     SafeDbt datValue(value.data(), value.size());
 
     int ret =
         pdb->put(activeTxn, datKey, datValue, (overwrite ? 0 : DB_NOOVERWRITE));
     return (ret == 0);
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyBatch::EraseKey(CDataStream &&key) {
     if (!pdb) {
         return false;
     }
     if (fReadOnly) {
         assert(!"Erase called on database in read-only mode");
     }
 
     SafeDbt datKey(key.data(), key.size());
 
     int ret = pdb->del(activeTxn, datKey, 0);
     return (ret == 0 || ret == DB_NOTFOUND);
 }
 
 bool BerkeleyBatch::HasKey(CDataStream &&key) {
     if (!pdb) {
         return false;
     }
 
     SafeDbt datKey(key.data(), key.size());
 
     int ret = pdb->exists(activeTxn, datKey, 0);
     return ret == 0;
 }
 
 void BerkeleyDatabase::AddRef() {
     LOCK(cs_db);
     if (m_refcount < 0) {
         m_refcount = 1;
     } else {
         m_refcount++;
     }
 }
 
 void BerkeleyDatabase::RemoveRef() {
     LOCK(cs_db);
     m_refcount--;
     if (env) {
         env->m_db_in_use.notify_all();
     }
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<DatabaseBatch>
-BerkeleyDatabase::MakeBatch(const char *mode, bool flush_on_close) {
-    return std::make_unique<BerkeleyBatch>(*this, mode, flush_on_close);
+BerkeleyDatabase::MakeBatch(bool flush_on_close) {
+    return std::make_unique<BerkeleyBatch>(*this, false, flush_on_close);
 }
 
 bool ExistsBerkeleyDatabase(const fs::path &path) {
     fs::path env_directory;
     std::string data_filename;
     SplitWalletPath(path, env_directory, data_filename);
     return IsBerkeleyBtree(env_directory / data_filename);
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<BerkeleyDatabase>
 MakeBerkeleyDatabase(const fs::path &path, const DatabaseOptions &options,
                      DatabaseStatus &status, bilingual_str &error) {
     std::unique_ptr<BerkeleyDatabase> db;
     {
         // Lock env.m_databases until insert in BerkeleyDatabase constructor
         LOCK(cs_db);
         std::string data_filename;
         std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> env =
             GetWalletEnv(path, data_filename);
         if (env->m_databases.count(data_filename)) {
             error = Untranslated(strprintf(
                 "Refusing to load database. Data file '%s' is already loaded.",
                 (env->Directory() / data_filename).string()));
             status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_ALREADY_LOADED;
             return nullptr;
         }
         db = std::make_unique<BerkeleyDatabase>(std::move(env),
                                                 std::move(data_filename));
     }
 
     if (options.verify && !db->Verify(error)) {
         status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_VERIFY;
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     status = DatabaseStatus::SUCCESS;
     return db;
 }
diff --git a/src/wallet/bdb.h b/src/wallet/bdb.h
index dfb724047..571648fae 100644
--- a/src/wallet/bdb.h
+++ b/src/wallet/bdb.h
@@ -1,258 +1,253 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2020 The Bitcoin Core developers
 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
 #ifndef BITCOIN_WALLET_BDB_H
 #define BITCOIN_WALLET_BDB_H
 
 #include <clientversion.h>
 #include <fs.h>
 #include <serialize.h>
 #include <streams.h>
 #include <util/system.h>
 #include <wallet/db.h>
 
 #include <db_cxx.h>
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
 struct bilingual_str;
 
 static const unsigned int DEFAULT_WALLET_DBLOGSIZE = 100;
 static const bool DEFAULT_WALLET_PRIVDB = true;
 
 struct WalletDatabaseFileId {
     u_int8_t value[DB_FILE_ID_LEN];
     bool operator==(const WalletDatabaseFileId &rhs) const;
 };
 
 class BerkeleyDatabase;
 
 class BerkeleyEnvironment {
 private:
     bool fDbEnvInit;
     bool fMockDb;
     // Don't change into fs::path, as that can result in
     // shutdown problems/crashes caused by a static initialized internal
     // pointer.
     std::string strPath;
 
 public:
     std::unique_ptr<DbEnv> dbenv;
     std::map<std::string, std::reference_wrapper<BerkeleyDatabase>> m_databases;
     std::unordered_map<std::string, WalletDatabaseFileId> m_fileids;
     std::condition_variable_any m_db_in_use;
 
     BerkeleyEnvironment(const fs::path &env_directory);
     BerkeleyEnvironment();
     ~BerkeleyEnvironment();
     void Reset();
 
     void MakeMock();
     bool IsMock() const { return fMockDb; }
     bool IsInitialized() const { return fDbEnvInit; }
     fs::path Directory() const { return strPath; }
 
     bool Open(bilingual_str &error);
     void Close();
     void Flush(bool fShutdown);
     void CheckpointLSN(const std::string &strFile);
 
     void CloseDb(const std::string &strFile);
     void ReloadDbEnv();
 
     DbTxn *TxnBegin(int flags = DB_TXN_WRITE_NOSYNC) {
         DbTxn *ptxn = nullptr;
         int ret = dbenv->txn_begin(nullptr, &ptxn, flags);
         if (!ptxn || ret != 0) {
             return nullptr;
         }
         return ptxn;
     }
 };
 
 /** Get BerkeleyEnvironment and database filename given a wallet path. */
 std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment>
 GetWalletEnv(const fs::path &wallet_path, std::string &database_filename);
 
 /** Check format of database file */
 bool IsBerkeleyBtree(const fs::path &path);
 
 class BerkeleyBatch;
 
 /**
  * An instance of this class represents one database.
  * For BerkeleyDB this is just a (env, strFile) tuple.
  */
 class BerkeleyDatabase : public WalletDatabase {
 public:
     BerkeleyDatabase() = delete;
 
     /** Create DB handle to real database */
     BerkeleyDatabase(std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> envIn,
                      std::string filename)
         : WalletDatabase(), env(std::move(envIn)),
           strFile(std::move(filename)) {
         auto inserted =
             this->env->m_databases.emplace(strFile, std::ref(*this));
         assert(inserted.second);
     }
 
     ~BerkeleyDatabase() override;
 
-    /**
-     * Open the database if it is not already opened.
-     * Dummy function, doesn't do anything right now, but is needed for class
-     * abstraction
-     */
-    void Open(const char *mode) override;
+    /** Open the database if it is not already opened. */
+    void Open() override;
 
     /**
      * Rewrite the entire database on disk, with the exception of key pszSkip if
      * non-zero
      */
     bool Rewrite(const char *pszSkip = nullptr) override;
 
     /** Indicate the a new database user has began using the database. */
     void AddRef() override;
 
     /**
      * Indicate that database user has stopped using the database and that it
      * could be flushed or closed.
      */
     void RemoveRef() override;
 
     /**
      * Back up the entire database to a file.
      */
     bool Backup(const std::string &strDest) const override;
 
     /**
      * Make sure all changes are flushed to database file.
      */
     void Flush() override;
 
     /**
      * Flush to the database file and close the database.
      * Also close the environment if no other databases are open in it.
      */
     void Close() override;
 
     /**
      * flush the wallet passively (TRY_LOCK)
      * ideal to be called periodically
      */
     bool PeriodicFlush() override;
 
     void IncrementUpdateCounter() override;
 
     void ReloadDbEnv() override;
 
     /** Verifies the environment and database file */
     bool Verify(bilingual_str &error);
 
     /** Return path to main database filename */
     std::string Filename() override {
         return (env->Directory() / strFile).string();
     }
 
     /**
      * Pointer to shared database environment.
      *
      * Normally there is only one BerkeleyDatabase object per
      * BerkeleyEnvivonment, but in the special, backwards compatible case where
      * multiple wallet BDB data files are loaded from the same directory, this
      * will point to a shared instance that gets freed when the last data file
      * is closed.
      */
     std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> env;
 
     /**
      * Database pointer. This is initialized lazily and reset during flushes,
      * so it can be null.
      */
     std::unique_ptr<Db> m_db;
 
     std::string strFile;
 
     /** Make a BerkeleyBatch connected to this database */
     std::unique_ptr<DatabaseBatch>
-    MakeBatch(const char *mode = "r+", bool flush_on_close = true) override;
+    MakeBatch(bool flush_on_close = true) override;
 };
 
 /** RAII class that provides access to a Berkeley database */
 class BerkeleyBatch : public DatabaseBatch {
     /** RAII class that automatically cleanses its data on destruction */
     class SafeDbt final {
         Dbt m_dbt;
 
     public:
         // construct Dbt with internally-managed data
         SafeDbt();
         // construct Dbt with provided data
         SafeDbt(void *data, size_t size);
         ~SafeDbt();
 
         // delegate to Dbt
         const void *get_data() const;
         u_int32_t get_size() const;
 
         // conversion operator to access the underlying Dbt
         operator Dbt *();
     };
 
 private:
     bool ReadKey(CDataStream &&key, CDataStream &value) override;
     bool WriteKey(CDataStream &&key, CDataStream &&value,
                   bool overwrite = true) override;
     bool EraseKey(CDataStream &&key) override;
     bool HasKey(CDataStream &&key) override;
 
 protected:
     Db *pdb;
     std::string strFile;
     DbTxn *activeTxn;
     Dbc *m_cursor;
     bool fReadOnly;
     bool fFlushOnClose;
     BerkeleyEnvironment *env;
     BerkeleyDatabase &m_database;
 
 public:
-    explicit BerkeleyBatch(BerkeleyDatabase &database,
-                           const char *pszMode = "r+",
+    explicit BerkeleyBatch(BerkeleyDatabase &database, const bool fReadOnly,
                            bool fFlushOnCloseIn = true);
     ~BerkeleyBatch() override;
 
     BerkeleyBatch(const BerkeleyBatch &) = delete;
     BerkeleyBatch &operator=(const BerkeleyBatch &) = delete;
 
     void Flush() override;
     void Close() override;
 
     bool StartCursor() override;
     bool ReadAtCursor(CDataStream &ssKey, CDataStream &ssValue,
                       bool &complete) override;
     void CloseCursor() override;
     bool TxnBegin() override;
     bool TxnCommit() override;
     bool TxnAbort() override;
 };
 
 std::string BerkeleyDatabaseVersion();
 
 //! Check if Berkeley database exists at specified path.
 bool ExistsBerkeleyDatabase(const fs::path &path);
 
 //! Return object giving access to Berkeley database at specified path.
 std::unique_ptr<BerkeleyDatabase>
 MakeBerkeleyDatabase(const fs::path &path, const DatabaseOptions &options,
                      DatabaseStatus &status, bilingual_str &error);
 
 #endif // BITCOIN_WALLET_BDB_H
diff --git a/src/wallet/db.h b/src/wallet/db.h
index 6baa72f7f..81fe552b0 100644
--- a/src/wallet/db.h
+++ b/src/wallet/db.h
@@ -1,247 +1,247 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2016 The Bitcoin Core developers
 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
 #ifndef BITCOIN_WALLET_DB_H
 #define BITCOIN_WALLET_DB_H
 
 #include <clientversion.h>
 #include <fs.h>
 #include <streams.h>
 #include <support/allocators/secure.h>
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
 struct bilingual_str;
 
 void SplitWalletPath(const fs::path &wallet_path, fs::path &env_directory,
                      std::string &database_filename);
 
 /** RAII class that provides access to a WalletDatabase */
 class DatabaseBatch {
 private:
     virtual bool ReadKey(CDataStream &&key, CDataStream &value) = 0;
     virtual bool WriteKey(CDataStream &&key, CDataStream &&value,
                           bool overwrite = true) = 0;
     virtual bool EraseKey(CDataStream &&key) = 0;
     virtual bool HasKey(CDataStream &&key) = 0;
 
 public:
     explicit DatabaseBatch() {}
     virtual ~DatabaseBatch() {}
 
     DatabaseBatch(const DatabaseBatch &) = delete;
     DatabaseBatch &operator=(const DatabaseBatch &) = delete;
 
     virtual void Flush() = 0;
     virtual void Close() = 0;
 
     template <typename K, typename T> bool Read(const K &key, T &value) {
         CDataStream ssKey(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
         ssKey.reserve(1000);
         ssKey << key;
 
         CDataStream ssValue(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
         if (!ReadKey(std::move(ssKey), ssValue)) {
             return false;
         }
         try {
             ssValue >> value;
             return true;
         } catch (const std::exception &) {
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     template <typename K, typename T>
     bool Write(const K &key, const T &value, bool fOverwrite = true) {
         CDataStream ssKey(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
         ssKey.reserve(1000);
         ssKey << key;
 
         CDataStream ssValue(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
         ssValue.reserve(10000);
         ssValue << value;
 
         return WriteKey(std::move(ssKey), std::move(ssValue), fOverwrite);
     }
 
     template <typename K> bool Erase(const K &key) {
         CDataStream ssKey(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
         ssKey.reserve(1000);
         ssKey << key;
 
         return EraseKey(std::move(ssKey));
     }
 
     template <typename K> bool Exists(const K &key) {
         CDataStream ssKey(SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
         ssKey.reserve(1000);
         ssKey << key;
 
         return HasKey(std::move(ssKey));
     }
 
     virtual bool StartCursor() = 0;
     virtual bool ReadAtCursor(CDataStream &ssKey, CDataStream &ssValue,
                               bool &complete) = 0;
     virtual void CloseCursor() = 0;
     virtual bool TxnBegin() = 0;
     virtual bool TxnCommit() = 0;
     virtual bool TxnAbort() = 0;
 };
 
 /**
  * An instance of this class represents one database.
  */
 class WalletDatabase {
 public:
     /** Create dummy DB handle */
     WalletDatabase()
         : nUpdateCounter(0), nLastSeen(0), nLastFlushed(0),
           nLastWalletUpdate(0) {}
     virtual ~WalletDatabase(){};
 
     /** Open the database if it is not already opened. */
-    virtual void Open(const char *mode) = 0;
+    virtual void Open() = 0;
 
     //! Counts the number of active database users to be sure that the database
     //! is not closed while someone is using it
     std::atomic<int> m_refcount{0};
     /**
      * Indicate the a new database user has began using the database.
      * Increments m_refcount
      */
     virtual void AddRef() = 0;
     /**
      * Indicate that database user has stopped using the database and that it
      * could be flushed or closed. Decrement m_refcount
      */
     virtual void RemoveRef() = 0;
 
     /**
      * Rewrite the entire database on disk, with the exception of key pszSkip
      * if non-zero
      */
     virtual bool Rewrite(const char *pszSkip = nullptr) = 0;
 
     /**
      * Back up the entire database to a file.
      */
     virtual bool Backup(const std::string &strDest) const = 0;
 
     /**
      * Make sure all changes are flushed to database file.
      */
     virtual void Flush() = 0;
     /**
      * Flush to the database file and close the database.
      * Also close the environment if no other databases are open in it.
      */
     virtual void Close() = 0;
     /* flush the wallet passively (TRY_LOCK)
        ideal to be called periodically */
     virtual bool PeriodicFlush() = 0;
 
     virtual void IncrementUpdateCounter() = 0;
 
     virtual void ReloadDbEnv() = 0;
 
     /** Return path to main database file for logs and error messages. */
     virtual std::string Filename() = 0;
 
     std::atomic<unsigned int> nUpdateCounter;
     unsigned int nLastSeen;
     unsigned int nLastFlushed;
     int64_t nLastWalletUpdate;
 
     /** Make a DatabaseBatch connected to this database */
     virtual std::unique_ptr<DatabaseBatch>
-    MakeBatch(const char *mode = "r+", bool flush_on_close = true) = 0;
+    MakeBatch(bool flush_on_close = true) = 0;
 };
 
 /** RAII class that provides access to a DummyDatabase. Never fails. */
 class DummyBatch : public DatabaseBatch {
 private:
     bool ReadKey(CDataStream &&key, CDataStream &value) override {
         return true;
     }
     bool WriteKey(CDataStream &&key, CDataStream &&value,
                   bool overwrite = true) override {
         return true;
     }
     bool EraseKey(CDataStream &&key) override { return true; }
     bool HasKey(CDataStream &&key) override { return true; }
 
 public:
     void Flush() override {}
     void Close() override {}
 
     bool StartCursor() override { return true; }
     bool ReadAtCursor(CDataStream &ssKey, CDataStream &ssValue,
                       bool &complete) override {
         return true;
     }
     void CloseCursor() override {}
     bool TxnBegin() override { return true; }
     bool TxnCommit() override { return true; }
     bool TxnAbort() override { return true; }
 };
 
 /**
  * A dummy WalletDatabase that does nothing and never fails. Only used by unit
  * tests.
  */
 class DummyDatabase : public WalletDatabase {
 public:
-    void Open(const char *mode) override{};
+    void Open() override{};
     void AddRef() override {}
     void RemoveRef() override {}
     bool Rewrite(const char *pszSkip = nullptr) override { return true; }
     bool Backup(const std::string &strDest) const override { return true; }
     void Close() override {}
     void Flush() override {}
     bool PeriodicFlush() override { return true; }
     void IncrementUpdateCounter() override { ++nUpdateCounter; }
     void ReloadDbEnv() override {}
     std::string Filename() override { return "dummy"; }
     std::unique_ptr<DatabaseBatch>
-    MakeBatch(const char *mode = "r+", bool flush_on_close = true) override {
+    MakeBatch(bool flush_on_close = true) override {
         return std::make_unique<DummyBatch>();
     }
 };
 
 enum class DatabaseFormat {
     BERKELEY,
 };
 
 struct DatabaseOptions {
     bool require_existing = false;
     bool require_create = false;
     uint64_t create_flags = 0;
     SecureString create_passphrase;
     bool verify = true;
 };
 
 enum class DatabaseStatus {
     SUCCESS,
     FAILED_BAD_PATH,
     FAILED_BAD_FORMAT,
     FAILED_ALREADY_LOADED,
     FAILED_ALREADY_EXISTS,
     FAILED_NOT_FOUND,
     FAILED_CREATE,
     FAILED_LOAD,
     FAILED_VERIFY,
     FAILED_ENCRYPT,
 };
 
 std::unique_ptr<WalletDatabase> MakeDatabase(const fs::path &path,
                                              const DatabaseOptions &options,
                                              DatabaseStatus &status,
                                              bilingual_str &error);
 
 #endif // BITCOIN_WALLET_DB_H
diff --git a/src/wallet/test/walletdb_tests.cpp b/src/wallet/test/walletdb_tests.cpp
index f75bcfb49..ab063f245 100644
--- a/src/wallet/test/walletdb_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/test/walletdb_tests.cpp
@@ -1,131 +1,131 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2017-2020 The Bitcoin developers
 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
 #include <wallet/walletdb.h>
 
 #include <chainparams.h>
 #include <interfaces/chain.h>
 #include <node/context.h>
 #include <wallet/wallet.h>
 
 #include <test/util/setup_common.h>
 #include <wallet/test/wallet_test_fixture.h>
 
 #include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
 
 #include <memory>
 
 namespace {
 static std::unique_ptr<CWallet> LoadWallet(WalletBatch &batch) {
     NodeContext node;
     auto chain = interfaces::MakeChain(node, Params());
     std::unique_ptr<CWallet> wallet =
         std::make_unique<CWallet>(chain.get(), "", CreateDummyWalletDatabase());
     DBErrors res = batch.LoadWallet(wallet.get());
     BOOST_CHECK(res == DBErrors::LOAD_OK);
     return wallet;
 }
 } // namespace
 
 BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(walletdb_tests, WalletTestingSetup)
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(write_erase_name) {
-    WalletBatch batch(m_wallet.GetDBHandle(), "cr+");
+    WalletBatch batch(m_wallet.GetDBHandle());
 
     CTxDestination dst1 = PKHash(uint160S("c0ffee"));
     CTxDestination dst2 = PKHash(uint160S("f00d"));
 
     BOOST_CHECK(batch.WriteName(dst1, "name1"));
     BOOST_CHECK(batch.WriteName(dst2, "name2"));
     {
         auto w = LoadWallet(batch);
         LOCK(w->cs_wallet);
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(1, w->m_address_book.count(dst1));
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("name1", w->m_address_book[dst1].GetLabel());
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("name2", w->m_address_book[dst2].GetLabel());
     }
 
     batch.EraseName(dst1);
 
     {
         auto w = LoadWallet(batch);
         LOCK(w->cs_wallet);
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(0, w->m_address_book.count(dst1));
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(1, w->m_address_book.count(dst2));
     }
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(write_erase_purpose) {
-    WalletBatch batch(m_wallet.GetDBHandle(), "cr+");
+    WalletBatch batch(m_wallet.GetDBHandle());
 
     CTxDestination dst1 = PKHash(uint160S("c0ffee"));
     CTxDestination dst2 = PKHash(uint160S("f00d"));
 
     BOOST_CHECK(batch.WritePurpose(dst1, "purpose1"));
     BOOST_CHECK(batch.WritePurpose(dst2, "purpose2"));
     {
         auto w = LoadWallet(batch);
         LOCK(w->cs_wallet);
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(1, w->m_address_book.count(dst1));
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("purpose1", w->m_address_book[dst1].purpose);
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("purpose2", w->m_address_book[dst2].purpose);
     }
 
     batch.ErasePurpose(dst1);
 
     {
         auto w = LoadWallet(batch);
         LOCK(w->cs_wallet);
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(0, w->m_address_book.count(dst1));
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(1, w->m_address_book.count(dst2));
     }
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(write_erase_destdata) {
-    WalletBatch batch(m_wallet.GetDBHandle(), "cr+");
+    WalletBatch batch(m_wallet.GetDBHandle());
 
     CTxDestination dst1 = PKHash(uint160S("c0ffee"));
     CTxDestination dst2 = PKHash(uint160S("f00d"));
 
     BOOST_CHECK(batch.WriteDestData(dst1, "key1", "value1"));
     BOOST_CHECK(batch.WriteDestData(dst1, "key2", "value2"));
     BOOST_CHECK(batch.WriteDestData(dst2, "key1", "value3"));
     BOOST_CHECK(batch.WriteDestData(dst2, "key2", "value4"));
     {
         auto w = LoadWallet(batch);
         LOCK(w->cs_wallet);
         std::string val;
         BOOST_CHECK(w->GetDestData(dst1, "key1", &val));
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("value1", val);
         BOOST_CHECK(w->GetDestData(dst1, "key2", &val));
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("value2", val);
         BOOST_CHECK(w->GetDestData(dst2, "key1", &val));
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("value3", val);
         BOOST_CHECK(w->GetDestData(dst2, "key2", &val));
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("value4", val);
     }
 
     batch.EraseDestData(dst1, "key2");
 
     {
         auto w = LoadWallet(batch);
         LOCK(w->cs_wallet);
         std::string dummy;
         BOOST_CHECK(w->GetDestData(dst1, "key1", &dummy));
         BOOST_CHECK(!w->GetDestData(dst1, "key2", &dummy));
         BOOST_CHECK(w->GetDestData(dst2, "key1", &dummy));
         BOOST_CHECK(w->GetDestData(dst2, "key2", &dummy));
     }
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(no_dest_fails) {
     WalletBatch batch(m_wallet.GetDBHandle(), "cr+");
 
     CTxDestination dst = CNoDestination{};
     BOOST_CHECK(!batch.WriteName(dst, "name"));
     BOOST_CHECK(!batch.WritePurpose(dst, "purpose"));
     BOOST_CHECK(!batch.WriteDestData(dst, "key", "value"));
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
diff --git a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
index 7fe34b693..30dcbd313 100644
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
@@ -1,5094 +1,5094 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2019 The Bitcoin Core developers
 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
 #include <wallet/wallet.h>
 
 #include <chain.h>
 #include <chainparams.h>
 #include <config.h>
 #include <consensus/consensus.h>
 #include <consensus/validation.h>
 #include <fs.h>
 #include <interfaces/wallet.h>
 #include <key.h>
 #include <key_io.h>
 #include <policy/mempool.h>
 #include <policy/policy.h>
 #include <primitives/transaction.h>
 #include <random.h>
 #include <script/descriptor.h>
 #include <script/script.h>
 #include <script/sighashtype.h>
 #include <script/sign.h>
 #include <script/signingprovider.h>
 #include <txmempool.h>
 #include <univalue.h>
 #include <util/bip32.h>
 #include <util/check.h>
 #include <util/error.h>
 #include <util/moneystr.h>
 #include <util/string.h>
 #include <util/translation.h>
 #include <wallet/coincontrol.h>
 #include <wallet/fees.h>
 
 #include <boost/algorithm/string/replace.hpp>
 
 using interfaces::FoundBlock;
 
 const std::map<uint64_t, std::string> WALLET_FLAG_CAVEATS{
     {WALLET_FLAG_AVOID_REUSE,
      "You need to rescan the blockchain in order to correctly mark used "
      "destinations in the past. Until this is done, some destinations may "
      "be considered unused, even if the opposite is the case."},
 };
 
 static RecursiveMutex cs_wallets;
 static std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CWallet>> vpwallets GUARDED_BY(cs_wallets);
 static std::list<LoadWalletFn> g_load_wallet_fns GUARDED_BY(cs_wallets);
 
 bool AddWalletSetting(interfaces::Chain &chain,
                       const std::string &wallet_name) {
     util::SettingsValue setting_value = chain.getRwSetting("wallet");
     if (!setting_value.isArray()) {
         setting_value.setArray();
     }
     for (const util::SettingsValue &value : setting_value.getValues()) {
         if (value.isStr() && value.get_str() == wallet_name) {
             return true;
         }
     }
     setting_value.push_back(wallet_name);
     return chain.updateRwSetting("wallet", setting_value);
 }
 
 bool RemoveWalletSetting(interfaces::Chain &chain,
                          const std::string &wallet_name) {
     util::SettingsValue setting_value = chain.getRwSetting("wallet");
     if (!setting_value.isArray()) {
         return true;
     }
     util::SettingsValue new_value(util::SettingsValue::VARR);
     for (const util::SettingsValue &value : setting_value.getValues()) {
         if (!value.isStr() || value.get_str() != wallet_name) {
             new_value.push_back(value);
         }
     }
     if (new_value.size() == setting_value.size()) {
         return true;
     }
     return chain.updateRwSetting("wallet", new_value);
 }
 
 static void UpdateWalletSetting(interfaces::Chain &chain,
                                 const std::string &wallet_name,
                                 std::optional<bool> load_on_startup,
                                 std::vector<bilingual_str> &warnings) {
     if (!load_on_startup) {
         return;
     }
     if (load_on_startup.value() && !AddWalletSetting(chain, wallet_name)) {
         warnings.emplace_back(
             Untranslated("Wallet load on startup setting could not be updated, "
                          "so wallet may not be loaded next node startup."));
     } else if (!load_on_startup.value() &&
                !RemoveWalletSetting(chain, wallet_name)) {
         warnings.emplace_back(
             Untranslated("Wallet load on startup setting could not be updated, "
                          "so wallet may still be loaded next node startup."));
     }
 }
 
 bool AddWallet(const std::shared_ptr<CWallet> &wallet) {
     LOCK(cs_wallets);
     assert(wallet);
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CWallet>>::const_iterator i =
         std::find(vpwallets.begin(), vpwallets.end(), wallet);
     if (i != vpwallets.end()) {
         return false;
     }
     vpwallets.push_back(wallet);
     wallet->ConnectScriptPubKeyManNotifiers();
     return true;
 }
 
 bool RemoveWallet(const std::shared_ptr<CWallet> &wallet,
                   std::optional<bool> load_on_start,
                   std::vector<bilingual_str> &warnings) {
     assert(wallet);
 
     interfaces::Chain &chain = wallet->chain();
     std::string name = wallet->GetName();
 
     // Unregister with the validation interface which also drops shared ponters.
     wallet->m_chain_notifications_handler.reset();
     LOCK(cs_wallets);
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CWallet>>::iterator i =
         std::find(vpwallets.begin(), vpwallets.end(), wallet);
     if (i == vpwallets.end()) {
         return false;
     }
     vpwallets.erase(i);
 
     // Write the wallet setting
     UpdateWalletSetting(chain, name, load_on_start, warnings);
 
     return true;
 }
 
 bool RemoveWallet(const std::shared_ptr<CWallet> &wallet,
                   std::optional<bool> load_on_start) {
     std::vector<bilingual_str> warnings;
     return RemoveWallet(wallet, load_on_start, warnings);
 }
 
 std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CWallet>> GetWallets() {
     LOCK(cs_wallets);
     return vpwallets;
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<CWallet> GetWallet(const std::string &name) {
     LOCK(cs_wallets);
     for (const std::shared_ptr<CWallet> &wallet : vpwallets) {
         if (wallet->GetName() == name) {
             return wallet;
         }
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<interfaces::Handler>
 HandleLoadWallet(LoadWalletFn load_wallet) {
     LOCK(cs_wallets);
     auto it = g_load_wallet_fns.emplace(g_load_wallet_fns.end(),
                                         std::move(load_wallet));
     return interfaces::MakeHandler([it] {
         LOCK(cs_wallets);
         g_load_wallet_fns.erase(it);
     });
 }
 
 static Mutex g_loading_wallet_mutex;
 static Mutex g_wallet_release_mutex;
 static std::condition_variable g_wallet_release_cv;
 static std::set<std::string>
     g_loading_wallet_set GUARDED_BY(g_loading_wallet_mutex);
 static std::set<std::string>
     g_unloading_wallet_set GUARDED_BY(g_wallet_release_mutex);
 
 // Custom deleter for shared_ptr<CWallet>.
 static void ReleaseWallet(CWallet *wallet) {
     const std::string name = wallet->GetName();
     wallet->WalletLogPrintf("Releasing wallet\n");
     wallet->Flush();
     delete wallet;
     // Wallet is now released, notify UnloadWallet, if any.
     {
         LOCK(g_wallet_release_mutex);
         if (g_unloading_wallet_set.erase(name) == 0) {
             // UnloadWallet was not called for this wallet, all done.
             return;
         }
     }
     g_wallet_release_cv.notify_all();
 }
 
 void UnloadWallet(std::shared_ptr<CWallet> &&wallet) {
     // Mark wallet for unloading.
     const std::string name = wallet->GetName();
     {
         LOCK(g_wallet_release_mutex);
         auto it = g_unloading_wallet_set.insert(name);
         assert(it.second);
     }
     // The wallet can be in use so it's not possible to explicitly unload here.
     // Notify the unload intent so that all remaining shared pointers are
     // released.
     wallet->NotifyUnload();
 
     // Time to ditch our shared_ptr and wait for ReleaseWallet call.
     wallet.reset();
     {
         WAIT_LOCK(g_wallet_release_mutex, lock);
         while (g_unloading_wallet_set.count(name) == 1) {
             g_wallet_release_cv.wait(lock);
         }
     }
 }
 
 static const size_t OUTPUT_GROUP_MAX_ENTRIES = 10;
 
 namespace {
 std::shared_ptr<CWallet>
 LoadWalletInternal(interfaces::Chain &chain, const std::string &name,
                    std::optional<bool> load_on_start,
                    const DatabaseOptions &options, DatabaseStatus &status,
                    bilingual_str &error, std::vector<bilingual_str> &warnings) {
     try {
         std::unique_ptr<WalletDatabase> database =
             MakeWalletDatabase(name, options, status, error);
         if (!database) {
             error = Untranslated("Wallet file verification failed.") +
                     Untranslated(" ") + error;
             return nullptr;
         }
 
         std::shared_ptr<CWallet> wallet =
             CWallet::Create(chain, name, std::move(database),
                             options.create_flags, error, warnings);
         if (!wallet) {
             error = Untranslated("Wallet loading failed.") + Untranslated(" ") +
                     error;
             status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_LOAD;
             return nullptr;
         }
         AddWallet(wallet);
         wallet->postInitProcess();
 
         // Write the wallet setting
         UpdateWalletSetting(chain, name, load_on_start, warnings);
 
         return wallet;
     } catch (const std::runtime_error &e) {
         error = Untranslated(e.what());
         status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_LOAD;
         return nullptr;
     }
 }
 } // namespace
 
 std::shared_ptr<CWallet>
 LoadWallet(interfaces::Chain &chain, const std::string &name,
            std::optional<bool> load_on_start, const DatabaseOptions &options,
            DatabaseStatus &status, bilingual_str &error,
            std::vector<bilingual_str> &warnings) {
     auto result = WITH_LOCK(g_loading_wallet_mutex,
                             return g_loading_wallet_set.insert(name));
     if (!result.second) {
         error = Untranslated("Wallet already being loading.");
         status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_LOAD;
         return nullptr;
     }
     auto wallet = LoadWalletInternal(chain, name, load_on_start, options,
                                      status, error, warnings);
     WITH_LOCK(g_loading_wallet_mutex, g_loading_wallet_set.erase(result.first));
     return wallet;
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<CWallet>
 CreateWallet(interfaces::Chain &chain, const std::string &name,
              std::optional<bool> load_on_start, const DatabaseOptions &options,
              DatabaseStatus &status, bilingual_str &error,
              std::vector<bilingual_str> &warnings) {
     uint64_t wallet_creation_flags = options.create_flags;
     const SecureString &passphrase = options.create_passphrase;
 
     // Indicate that the wallet is actually supposed to be blank and not just
     // blank to make it encrypted
     bool create_blank = (wallet_creation_flags & WALLET_FLAG_BLANK_WALLET);
 
     // Born encrypted wallets need to be created blank first.
     if (!passphrase.empty()) {
         wallet_creation_flags |= WALLET_FLAG_BLANK_WALLET;
     }
 
     // Wallet::Verify will check if we're trying to create a wallet with a
     // duplicate name.
     std::unique_ptr<WalletDatabase> database =
         MakeWalletDatabase(name, options, status, error);
     if (!database) {
         error = Untranslated("Wallet file verification failed.") +
                 Untranslated(" ") + error;
         status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_VERIFY;
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     // Do not allow a passphrase when private keys are disabled
     if (!passphrase.empty() &&
         (wallet_creation_flags & WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS)) {
         error = Untranslated(
             "Passphrase provided but private keys are disabled. A passphrase "
             "is only used to encrypt private keys, so cannot be used for "
             "wallets with private keys disabled.");
         status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_CREATE;
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     // Make the wallet
     std::shared_ptr<CWallet> wallet =
         CWallet::Create(chain, name, std::move(database), wallet_creation_flags,
                         error, warnings);
     if (!wallet) {
         error =
             Untranslated("Wallet creation failed.") + Untranslated(" ") + error;
         status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_CREATE;
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     // Encrypt the wallet
     if (!passphrase.empty() &&
         !(wallet_creation_flags & WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS)) {
         if (!wallet->EncryptWallet(passphrase)) {
             error =
                 Untranslated("Error: Wallet created but failed to encrypt.");
             status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_ENCRYPT;
             return nullptr;
         }
         if (!create_blank) {
             // Unlock the wallet
             if (!wallet->Unlock(passphrase)) {
                 error = Untranslated(
                     "Error: Wallet was encrypted but could not be unlocked");
                 status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_ENCRYPT;
                 return nullptr;
             }
 
             // Set a seed for the wallet
             {
                 LOCK(wallet->cs_wallet);
                 if (wallet->IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DESCRIPTORS)) {
                     wallet->SetupDescriptorScriptPubKeyMans();
                 } else {
                     for (auto spk_man : wallet->GetActiveScriptPubKeyMans()) {
                         if (!spk_man->SetupGeneration()) {
                             error =
                                 Untranslated("Unable to generate initial keys");
                             status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_CREATE;
                             return nullptr;
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
 
             // Relock the wallet
             wallet->Lock();
         }
     }
     AddWallet(wallet);
     wallet->postInitProcess();
 
     // Write the wallet settings
     UpdateWalletSetting(chain, name, load_on_start, warnings);
 
     status = DatabaseStatus::SUCCESS;
     return wallet;
 }
 
 /** @defgroup mapWallet
  *
  * @{
  */
 
 std::string COutput::ToString() const {
     return strprintf("COutput(%s, %d, %d) [%s]", tx->GetId().ToString(), i,
                      nDepth, FormatMoney(tx->tx->vout[i].nValue));
 }
 
 const CChainParams &CWallet::GetChainParams() const {
     // Get CChainParams from interfaces::Chain, unless wallet doesn't have a
     // chain (i.e. bitcoin-wallet), in which case return global Params()
     return m_chain ? m_chain->params() : Params();
 }
 
 const CWalletTx *CWallet::GetWalletTx(const TxId &txid) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     std::map<TxId, CWalletTx>::const_iterator it = mapWallet.find(txid);
     if (it == mapWallet.end()) {
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     return &(it->second);
 }
 
 void CWallet::UpgradeKeyMetadata() {
     if (IsLocked() || IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_KEY_ORIGIN_METADATA)) {
         return;
     }
 
     auto spk_man = GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
     if (!spk_man) {
         return;
     }
 
     spk_man->UpgradeKeyMetadata();
     SetWalletFlag(WALLET_FLAG_KEY_ORIGIN_METADATA);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::Unlock(const SecureString &strWalletPassphrase,
                      bool accept_no_keys) {
     CCrypter crypter;
     CKeyingMaterial _vMasterKey;
 
     {
         LOCK(cs_wallet);
         for (const MasterKeyMap::value_type &pMasterKey : mapMasterKeys) {
             if (!crypter.SetKeyFromPassphrase(
                     strWalletPassphrase, pMasterKey.second.vchSalt,
                     pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations,
                     pMasterKey.second.nDerivationMethod)) {
                 return false;
             }
             if (!crypter.Decrypt(pMasterKey.second.vchCryptedKey,
                                  _vMasterKey)) {
                 // try another master key
                 continue;
             }
             if (Unlock(_vMasterKey, accept_no_keys)) {
                 // Now that we've unlocked, upgrade the key metadata
                 UpgradeKeyMetadata();
                 return true;
             }
         }
     }
 
     return false;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::ChangeWalletPassphrase(
     const SecureString &strOldWalletPassphrase,
     const SecureString &strNewWalletPassphrase) {
     bool fWasLocked = IsLocked();
 
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     Lock();
 
     CCrypter crypter;
     CKeyingMaterial _vMasterKey;
     for (MasterKeyMap::value_type &pMasterKey : mapMasterKeys) {
         if (!crypter.SetKeyFromPassphrase(
                 strOldWalletPassphrase, pMasterKey.second.vchSalt,
                 pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations,
                 pMasterKey.second.nDerivationMethod)) {
             return false;
         }
 
         if (!crypter.Decrypt(pMasterKey.second.vchCryptedKey, _vMasterKey)) {
             return false;
         }
 
         if (Unlock(_vMasterKey)) {
             int64_t nStartTime = GetTimeMillis();
             crypter.SetKeyFromPassphrase(strNewWalletPassphrase,
                                          pMasterKey.second.vchSalt,
                                          pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations,
                                          pMasterKey.second.nDerivationMethod);
             pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations = static_cast<unsigned int>(
                 pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations *
                 (100 / ((double)(GetTimeMillis() - nStartTime))));
 
             nStartTime = GetTimeMillis();
             crypter.SetKeyFromPassphrase(strNewWalletPassphrase,
                                          pMasterKey.second.vchSalt,
                                          pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations,
                                          pMasterKey.second.nDerivationMethod);
             pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations =
                 (pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations +
                  static_cast<unsigned int>(
                      pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations * 100 /
                      double(GetTimeMillis() - nStartTime))) /
                 2;
 
             if (pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations < 25000) {
                 pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations = 25000;
             }
 
             WalletLogPrintf(
                 "Wallet passphrase changed to an nDeriveIterations of %i\n",
                 pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations);
 
             if (!crypter.SetKeyFromPassphrase(
                     strNewWalletPassphrase, pMasterKey.second.vchSalt,
                     pMasterKey.second.nDeriveIterations,
                     pMasterKey.second.nDerivationMethod)) {
                 return false;
             }
 
             if (!crypter.Encrypt(_vMasterKey,
                                  pMasterKey.second.vchCryptedKey)) {
                 return false;
             }
 
             WalletBatch(*database).WriteMasterKey(pMasterKey.first,
                                                   pMasterKey.second);
             if (fWasLocked) {
                 Lock();
             }
 
             return true;
         }
     }
 
     return false;
 }
 
 void CWallet::chainStateFlushed(const CBlockLocator &loc) {
     WalletBatch batch(*database);
     batch.WriteBestBlock(loc);
 }
 
 void CWallet::SetMinVersion(enum WalletFeature nVersion, WalletBatch *batch_in,
                             bool fExplicit) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     if (nWalletVersion >= nVersion) {
         return;
     }
 
     // When doing an explicit upgrade, if we pass the max version permitted,
     // upgrade all the way.
     if (fExplicit && nVersion > nWalletMaxVersion) {
         nVersion = FEATURE_LATEST;
     }
 
     nWalletVersion = nVersion;
 
     if (nVersion > nWalletMaxVersion) {
         nWalletMaxVersion = nVersion;
     }
 
     WalletBatch *batch = batch_in ? batch_in : new WalletBatch(*database);
     if (nWalletVersion > 40000) {
         batch->WriteMinVersion(nWalletVersion);
     }
     if (!batch_in) {
         delete batch;
     }
 }
 
 bool CWallet::SetMaxVersion(int nVersion) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     // Cannot downgrade below current version
     if (nWalletVersion > nVersion) {
         return false;
     }
 
     nWalletMaxVersion = nVersion;
 
     return true;
 }
 
 std::set<TxId> CWallet::GetConflicts(const TxId &txid) const {
     std::set<TxId> result;
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
 
     std::map<TxId, CWalletTx>::const_iterator it = mapWallet.find(txid);
     if (it == mapWallet.end()) {
         return result;
     }
 
     const CWalletTx &wtx = it->second;
 
     std::pair<TxSpends::const_iterator, TxSpends::const_iterator> range;
 
     for (const CTxIn &txin : wtx.tx->vin) {
         if (mapTxSpends.count(txin.prevout) <= 1) {
             // No conflict if zero or one spends.
             continue;
         }
 
         range = mapTxSpends.equal_range(txin.prevout);
         for (TxSpends::const_iterator _it = range.first; _it != range.second;
              ++_it) {
             result.insert(_it->second);
         }
     }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::HasWalletSpend(const TxId &txid) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     auto iter = mapTxSpends.lower_bound(COutPoint(txid, 0));
     return (iter != mapTxSpends.end() && iter->first.GetTxId() == txid);
 }
 
 void CWallet::Flush() {
     database->Flush();
 }
 
 void CWallet::Close() {
     database->Close();
 }
 
 void CWallet::SyncMetaData(
     std::pair<TxSpends::iterator, TxSpends::iterator> range) {
     // We want all the wallet transactions in range to have the same metadata as
     // the oldest (smallest nOrderPos).
     // So: find smallest nOrderPos:
 
     int nMinOrderPos = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
     const CWalletTx *copyFrom = nullptr;
     for (TxSpends::iterator it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it) {
         const CWalletTx *wtx = &mapWallet.at(it->second);
         if (wtx->nOrderPos < nMinOrderPos) {
             nMinOrderPos = wtx->nOrderPos;
             copyFrom = wtx;
         }
     }
 
     if (!copyFrom) {
         return;
     }
 
     // Now copy data from copyFrom to rest:
     for (TxSpends::iterator it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it) {
         const TxId &txid = it->second;
         CWalletTx *copyTo = &mapWallet.at(txid);
         if (copyFrom == copyTo) {
             continue;
         }
 
         assert(
             copyFrom &&
             "Oldest wallet transaction in range assumed to have been found.");
 
         if (!copyFrom->IsEquivalentTo(*copyTo)) {
             continue;
         }
 
         copyTo->mapValue = copyFrom->mapValue;
         copyTo->vOrderForm = copyFrom->vOrderForm;
         // fTimeReceivedIsTxTime not copied on purpose nTimeReceived not copied
         // on purpose.
         copyTo->nTimeSmart = copyFrom->nTimeSmart;
         copyTo->fFromMe = copyFrom->fFromMe;
         // nOrderPos not copied on purpose cached members not copied on purpose.
     }
 }
 
 /**
  * Outpoint is spent if any non-conflicted transaction, spends it:
  */
 bool CWallet::IsSpent(const COutPoint &outpoint) const {
     std::pair<TxSpends::const_iterator, TxSpends::const_iterator> range =
         mapTxSpends.equal_range(outpoint);
 
     for (TxSpends::const_iterator it = range.first; it != range.second; ++it) {
         const TxId &wtxid = it->second;
         std::map<TxId, CWalletTx>::const_iterator mit = mapWallet.find(wtxid);
         if (mit != mapWallet.end()) {
             int depth = mit->second.GetDepthInMainChain();
             if (depth > 0 || (depth == 0 && !mit->second.isAbandoned())) {
                 // Spent
                 return true;
             }
         }
     }
 
     return false;
 }
 
 void CWallet::AddToSpends(const COutPoint &outpoint, const TxId &wtxid) {
     mapTxSpends.insert(std::make_pair(outpoint, wtxid));
 
     setLockedCoins.erase(outpoint);
 
     std::pair<TxSpends::iterator, TxSpends::iterator> range;
     range = mapTxSpends.equal_range(outpoint);
     SyncMetaData(range);
 }
 
 void CWallet::AddToSpends(const TxId &wtxid) {
     auto it = mapWallet.find(wtxid);
     assert(it != mapWallet.end());
     CWalletTx &thisTx = it->second;
     // Coinbases don't spend anything!
     if (thisTx.IsCoinBase()) {
         return;
     }
 
     for (const CTxIn &txin : thisTx.tx->vin) {
         AddToSpends(txin.prevout, wtxid);
     }
 }
 
 bool CWallet::EncryptWallet(const SecureString &strWalletPassphrase) {
     if (IsCrypted()) {
         return false;
     }
 
     CKeyingMaterial _vMasterKey;
 
     _vMasterKey.resize(WALLET_CRYPTO_KEY_SIZE);
     GetStrongRandBytes(&_vMasterKey[0], WALLET_CRYPTO_KEY_SIZE);
 
     CMasterKey kMasterKey;
 
     kMasterKey.vchSalt.resize(WALLET_CRYPTO_SALT_SIZE);
     GetStrongRandBytes(&kMasterKey.vchSalt[0], WALLET_CRYPTO_SALT_SIZE);
 
     CCrypter crypter;
     int64_t nStartTime = GetTimeMillis();
     crypter.SetKeyFromPassphrase(strWalletPassphrase, kMasterKey.vchSalt, 25000,
                                  kMasterKey.nDerivationMethod);
     kMasterKey.nDeriveIterations = static_cast<unsigned int>(
         2500000 / double(GetTimeMillis() - nStartTime));
 
     nStartTime = GetTimeMillis();
     crypter.SetKeyFromPassphrase(strWalletPassphrase, kMasterKey.vchSalt,
                                  kMasterKey.nDeriveIterations,
                                  kMasterKey.nDerivationMethod);
     kMasterKey.nDeriveIterations =
         (kMasterKey.nDeriveIterations +
          static_cast<unsigned int>(kMasterKey.nDeriveIterations * 100 /
                                    double(GetTimeMillis() - nStartTime))) /
         2;
 
     if (kMasterKey.nDeriveIterations < 25000) {
         kMasterKey.nDeriveIterations = 25000;
     }
 
     WalletLogPrintf("Encrypting Wallet with an nDeriveIterations of %i\n",
                     kMasterKey.nDeriveIterations);
 
     if (!crypter.SetKeyFromPassphrase(strWalletPassphrase, kMasterKey.vchSalt,
                                       kMasterKey.nDeriveIterations,
                                       kMasterKey.nDerivationMethod)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     if (!crypter.Encrypt(_vMasterKey, kMasterKey.vchCryptedKey)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     {
         LOCK(cs_wallet);
         mapMasterKeys[++nMasterKeyMaxID] = kMasterKey;
         WalletBatch *encrypted_batch = new WalletBatch(*database);
         if (!encrypted_batch->TxnBegin()) {
             delete encrypted_batch;
             encrypted_batch = nullptr;
             return false;
         }
         encrypted_batch->WriteMasterKey(nMasterKeyMaxID, kMasterKey);
 
         for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
             auto spk_man = spk_man_pair.second.get();
             if (!spk_man->Encrypt(_vMasterKey, encrypted_batch)) {
                 encrypted_batch->TxnAbort();
                 delete encrypted_batch;
                 encrypted_batch = nullptr;
                 // We now probably have half of our keys encrypted in memory,
                 // and half not... die and let the user reload the unencrypted
                 // wallet.
                 assert(false);
             }
         }
 
         // Encryption was introduced in version 0.4.0
         SetMinVersion(FEATURE_WALLETCRYPT, encrypted_batch, true);
 
         if (!encrypted_batch->TxnCommit()) {
             delete encrypted_batch;
             encrypted_batch = nullptr;
             // We now have keys encrypted in memory, but not on disk...
             // die to avoid confusion and let the user reload the unencrypted
             // wallet.
             assert(false);
         }
 
         delete encrypted_batch;
         encrypted_batch = nullptr;
 
         Lock();
         Unlock(strWalletPassphrase);
 
         // If we are using descriptors, make new descriptors with a new seed
         if (IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DESCRIPTORS) &&
             !IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_BLANK_WALLET)) {
             SetupDescriptorScriptPubKeyMans();
         } else if (auto spk_man = GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan()) {
             // if we are using HD, replace the HD seed with a new one
             if (spk_man->IsHDEnabled()) {
                 if (!spk_man->SetupGeneration(true)) {
                     return false;
                 }
             }
         }
         Lock();
 
         // Need to completely rewrite the wallet file; if we don't, bdb might
         // keep bits of the unencrypted private key in slack space in the
         // database file.
         database->Rewrite();
 
         // BDB seems to have a bad habit of writing old data into
         // slack space in .dat files; that is bad if the old data is
         // unencrypted private keys. So:
         database->ReloadDbEnv();
     }
 
     NotifyStatusChanged(this);
     return true;
 }
 
 DBErrors CWallet::ReorderTransactions() {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     WalletBatch batch(*database);
 
     // Old wallets didn't have any defined order for transactions. Probably a
     // bad idea to change the output of this.
 
     // First: get all CWalletTx into a sorted-by-time
     // multimap.
     TxItems txByTime;
 
     for (auto &entry : mapWallet) {
         CWalletTx *wtx = &entry.second;
         txByTime.insert(std::make_pair(wtx->nTimeReceived, wtx));
     }
 
     nOrderPosNext = 0;
     std::vector<int64_t> nOrderPosOffsets;
     for (TxItems::iterator it = txByTime.begin(); it != txByTime.end(); ++it) {
         CWalletTx *const pwtx = (*it).second;
         int64_t &nOrderPos = pwtx->nOrderPos;
 
         if (nOrderPos == -1) {
             nOrderPos = nOrderPosNext++;
             nOrderPosOffsets.push_back(nOrderPos);
 
             if (!batch.WriteTx(*pwtx)) {
                 return DBErrors::LOAD_FAIL;
             }
         } else {
             int64_t nOrderPosOff = 0;
             for (const int64_t &nOffsetStart : nOrderPosOffsets) {
                 if (nOrderPos >= nOffsetStart) {
                     ++nOrderPosOff;
                 }
             }
 
             nOrderPos += nOrderPosOff;
             nOrderPosNext = std::max(nOrderPosNext, nOrderPos + 1);
 
             if (!nOrderPosOff) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             // Since we're changing the order, write it back.
             if (!batch.WriteTx(*pwtx)) {
                 return DBErrors::LOAD_FAIL;
             }
         }
     }
 
     batch.WriteOrderPosNext(nOrderPosNext);
 
     return DBErrors::LOAD_OK;
 }
 
 int64_t CWallet::IncOrderPosNext(WalletBatch *batch) {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     int64_t nRet = nOrderPosNext++;
     if (batch) {
         batch->WriteOrderPosNext(nOrderPosNext);
     } else {
         WalletBatch(*database).WriteOrderPosNext(nOrderPosNext);
     }
 
     return nRet;
 }
 
 void CWallet::MarkDirty() {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     for (std::pair<const TxId, CWalletTx> &item : mapWallet) {
         item.second.MarkDirty();
     }
 }
 
 void CWallet::SetSpentKeyState(WalletBatch &batch, const TxId &txid,
                                unsigned int n, bool used,
                                std::set<CTxDestination> &tx_destinations) {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     const CWalletTx *srctx = GetWalletTx(txid);
     if (!srctx) {
         return;
     }
 
     CTxDestination dst;
     if (ExtractDestination(srctx->tx->vout[n].scriptPubKey, dst)) {
         if (IsMine(dst)) {
             if (used && !GetDestData(dst, "used", nullptr)) {
                 // p for "present", opposite of absent (null)
                 if (AddDestData(batch, dst, "used", "p")) {
                     tx_destinations.insert(dst);
                 }
             } else if (!used && GetDestData(dst, "used", nullptr)) {
                 EraseDestData(batch, dst, "used");
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsSpentKey(const TxId &txid, unsigned int n) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     const CWalletTx *srctx = GetWalletTx(txid);
     if (srctx) {
         assert(srctx->tx->vout.size() > n);
         CTxDestination dest;
         if (!ExtractDestination(srctx->tx->vout[n].scriptPubKey, dest)) {
             return false;
         }
         if (GetDestData(dest, "used", nullptr)) {
             return true;
         }
         if (IsLegacy()) {
             LegacyScriptPubKeyMan *spk_man = GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
             assert(spk_man != nullptr);
             for (const auto &keyid :
                  GetAffectedKeys(srctx->tx->vout[n].scriptPubKey, *spk_man)) {
                 PKHash pkh_dest(keyid);
                 if (GetDestData(pkh_dest, "used", nullptr)) {
                     return true;
                 }
             }
         }
     }
     return false;
 }
 
 CWalletTx *CWallet::AddToWallet(CTransactionRef tx,
                                 const CWalletTx::Confirmation &confirm,
                                 const UpdateWalletTxFn &update_wtx,
                                 bool fFlushOnClose) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
-    WalletBatch batch(*database, "r+", fFlushOnClose);
+    WalletBatch batch(*database, fFlushOnClose);
 
     const TxId &txid = tx->GetId();
 
     if (IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_AVOID_REUSE)) {
         // Mark used destinations
         std::set<CTxDestination> tx_destinations;
 
         for (const CTxIn &txin : tx->vin) {
             const COutPoint &op = txin.prevout;
             SetSpentKeyState(batch, op.GetTxId(), op.GetN(), true,
                              tx_destinations);
         }
 
         MarkDestinationsDirty(tx_destinations);
     }
 
     // Inserts only if not already there, returns tx inserted or tx found.
     auto ret =
         mapWallet.emplace(std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(txid),
                           std::forward_as_tuple(this, tx));
     CWalletTx &wtx = (*ret.first).second;
     bool fInsertedNew = ret.second;
     bool fUpdated = update_wtx && update_wtx(wtx, fInsertedNew);
     if (fInsertedNew) {
         wtx.m_confirm = confirm;
         wtx.nTimeReceived = chain().getAdjustedTime();
         wtx.nOrderPos = IncOrderPosNext(&batch);
         wtx.m_it_wtxOrdered =
             wtxOrdered.insert(std::make_pair(wtx.nOrderPos, &wtx));
         wtx.nTimeSmart = ComputeTimeSmart(wtx);
         AddToSpends(txid);
     }
 
     if (!fInsertedNew) {
         if (confirm.status != wtx.m_confirm.status) {
             wtx.m_confirm.status = confirm.status;
             wtx.m_confirm.nIndex = confirm.nIndex;
             wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock = confirm.hashBlock;
             wtx.m_confirm.block_height = confirm.block_height;
             fUpdated = true;
         } else {
             assert(wtx.m_confirm.nIndex == confirm.nIndex);
             assert(wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock == confirm.hashBlock);
             assert(wtx.m_confirm.block_height == confirm.block_height);
         }
     }
 
     //// debug print
     WalletLogPrintf("AddToWallet %s  %s%s\n", txid.ToString(),
                     (fInsertedNew ? "new" : ""), (fUpdated ? "update" : ""));
 
     // Write to disk
     if ((fInsertedNew || fUpdated) && !batch.WriteTx(wtx)) {
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     // Break debit/credit balance caches:
     wtx.MarkDirty();
 
     // Notify UI of new or updated transaction.
     NotifyTransactionChanged(this, txid, fInsertedNew ? CT_NEW : CT_UPDATED);
 
 #if defined(HAVE_SYSTEM)
     // Notify an external script when a wallet transaction comes in or is
     // updated.
     std::string strCmd = gArgs.GetArg("-walletnotify", "");
 
     if (!strCmd.empty()) {
         boost::replace_all(strCmd, "%s", txid.GetHex());
 #ifndef WIN32
         // Substituting the wallet name isn't currently supported on windows
         // because windows shell escaping has not been implemented yet:
         // https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/13339#issuecomment-537384875
         // A few ways it could be implemented in the future are described in:
         // https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/13339#issuecomment-461288094
         boost::replace_all(strCmd, "%w", ShellEscape(GetName()));
 #endif
 
         std::thread t(runCommand, strCmd);
         // Thread runs free.
         t.detach();
     }
 #endif
 
     return &wtx;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::LoadToWallet(const TxId &txid, const UpdateWalletTxFn &fill_wtx) {
     const auto &ins =
         mapWallet.emplace(std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(txid),
                           std::forward_as_tuple(this, nullptr));
     CWalletTx &wtx = ins.first->second;
     if (!fill_wtx(wtx, ins.second)) {
         return false;
     }
     // If wallet doesn't have a chain (e.g wallet-tool), don't bother to update
     // txn.
     if (HaveChain()) {
         std::optional<int> block_height =
             chain().getBlockHeight(wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock);
         if (block_height) {
             // Update cached block height variable since it not stored in the
             // serialized transaction.
             wtx.m_confirm.block_height = *block_height;
         } else if (wtx.isConflicted() || wtx.isConfirmed()) {
             // If tx block (or conflicting block) was reorged out of chain
             // while the wallet was shutdown, change tx status to UNCONFIRMED
             // and reset block height, hash, and index. ABANDONED tx don't have
             // associated blocks and don't need to be updated. The case where a
             // transaction was reorged out while online and then reconfirmed
             // while offline is covered by the rescan logic.
             wtx.setUnconfirmed();
             wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock = BlockHash();
             wtx.m_confirm.block_height = 0;
             wtx.m_confirm.nIndex = 0;
         }
     }
     if (/* insertion took place */ ins.second) {
         wtx.m_it_wtxOrdered =
             wtxOrdered.insert(std::make_pair(wtx.nOrderPos, &wtx));
     }
     AddToSpends(txid);
     for (const CTxIn &txin : wtx.tx->vin) {
         auto it = mapWallet.find(txin.prevout.GetTxId());
         if (it != mapWallet.end()) {
             CWalletTx &prevtx = it->second;
             if (prevtx.isConflicted()) {
                 MarkConflicted(prevtx.m_confirm.hashBlock,
                                prevtx.m_confirm.block_height, wtx.GetId());
             }
         }
     }
     return true;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::AddToWalletIfInvolvingMe(const CTransactionRef &ptx,
                                        CWalletTx::Confirmation confirm,
                                        bool fUpdate) {
     const CTransaction &tx = *ptx;
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
 
     if (!confirm.hashBlock.IsNull()) {
         for (const CTxIn &txin : tx.vin) {
             std::pair<TxSpends::const_iterator, TxSpends::const_iterator>
                 range = mapTxSpends.equal_range(txin.prevout);
             while (range.first != range.second) {
                 if (range.first->second != tx.GetId()) {
                     WalletLogPrintf(
                         "Transaction %s (in block %s) conflicts with wallet "
                         "transaction %s (both spend %s:%i)\n",
                         tx.GetId().ToString(), confirm.hashBlock.ToString(),
                         range.first->second.ToString(),
                         range.first->first.GetTxId().ToString(),
                         range.first->first.GetN());
                     MarkConflicted(confirm.hashBlock, confirm.block_height,
                                    range.first->second);
                 }
                 range.first++;
             }
         }
     }
 
     bool fExisted = mapWallet.count(tx.GetId()) != 0;
     if (fExisted && !fUpdate) {
         return false;
     }
     if (fExisted || IsMine(tx) || IsFromMe(tx)) {
         /**
          * Check if any keys in the wallet keypool that were supposed to be
          * unused have appeared in a new transaction. If so, remove those keys
          * from the keypool. This can happen when restoring an old wallet backup
          * that does not contain the mostly recently created transactions from
          * newer versions of the wallet.
          */
 
         // loop though all outputs
         for (const CTxOut &txout : tx.vout) {
             for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
                 spk_man_pair.second->MarkUnusedAddresses(txout.scriptPubKey);
             }
         }
 
         // Block disconnection override an abandoned tx as unconfirmed
         // which means user may have to call abandontransaction again
         return AddToWallet(MakeTransactionRef(tx), confirm,
                            /* update_wtx= */ nullptr,
                            /* fFlushOnClose= */ false);
     }
     return false;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::TransactionCanBeAbandoned(const TxId &txid) const {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     const CWalletTx *wtx = GetWalletTx(txid);
     return wtx && !wtx->isAbandoned() && wtx->GetDepthInMainChain() == 0 &&
            !wtx->InMempool();
 }
 
 void CWallet::MarkInputsDirty(const CTransactionRef &tx) {
     for (const CTxIn &txin : tx->vin) {
         auto it = mapWallet.find(txin.prevout.GetTxId());
         if (it != mapWallet.end()) {
             it->second.MarkDirty();
         }
     }
 }
 
 bool CWallet::AbandonTransaction(const TxId &txid) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
-    WalletBatch batch(*database, "r+");
+    WalletBatch batch(*database);
 
     std::set<TxId> todo;
     std::set<TxId> done;
 
     // Can't mark abandoned if confirmed or in mempool
     auto it = mapWallet.find(txid);
     assert(it != mapWallet.end());
     CWalletTx &origtx = it->second;
     if (origtx.GetDepthInMainChain() != 0 || origtx.InMempool()) {
         return false;
     }
 
     todo.insert(txid);
 
     while (!todo.empty()) {
         const TxId now = *todo.begin();
         todo.erase(now);
         done.insert(now);
         it = mapWallet.find(now);
         assert(it != mapWallet.end());
         CWalletTx &wtx = it->second;
         int currentconfirm = wtx.GetDepthInMainChain();
         // If the orig tx was not in block, none of its spends can be.
         assert(currentconfirm <= 0);
         // If (currentconfirm < 0) {Tx and spends are already conflicted, no
         // need to abandon}
         if (currentconfirm == 0 && !wtx.isAbandoned()) {
             // If the orig tx was not in block/mempool, none of its spends can
             // be in mempool.
             assert(!wtx.InMempool());
             wtx.setAbandoned();
             wtx.MarkDirty();
             batch.WriteTx(wtx);
             NotifyTransactionChanged(this, wtx.GetId(), CT_UPDATED);
             // Iterate over all its outputs, and mark transactions in the wallet
             // that spend them abandoned too.
             TxSpends::const_iterator iter =
                 mapTxSpends.lower_bound(COutPoint(now, 0));
             while (iter != mapTxSpends.end() && iter->first.GetTxId() == now) {
                 if (!done.count(iter->second)) {
                     todo.insert(iter->second);
                 }
                 iter++;
             }
 
             // If a transaction changes 'conflicted' state, that changes the
             // balance available of the outputs it spends. So force those to be
             // recomputed.
             MarkInputsDirty(wtx.tx);
         }
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
 void CWallet::MarkConflicted(const BlockHash &hashBlock, int conflicting_height,
                              const TxId &txid) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     int conflictconfirms =
         (m_last_block_processed_height - conflicting_height + 1) * -1;
 
     // If number of conflict confirms cannot be determined, this means that the
     // block is still unknown or not yet part of the main chain, for example
     // when loading the wallet during a reindex. Do nothing in that case.
     if (conflictconfirms >= 0) {
         return;
     }
 
     // Do not flush the wallet here for performance reasons.
-    WalletBatch batch(*database, "r+", false);
+    WalletBatch batch(*database, false);
 
     std::set<TxId> todo;
     std::set<TxId> done;
 
     todo.insert(txid);
 
     while (!todo.empty()) {
         const TxId now = *todo.begin();
         todo.erase(now);
         done.insert(now);
         auto it = mapWallet.find(now);
         assert(it != mapWallet.end());
         CWalletTx &wtx = it->second;
         int currentconfirm = wtx.GetDepthInMainChain();
         if (conflictconfirms < currentconfirm) {
             // Block is 'more conflicted' than current confirm; update.
             // Mark transaction as conflicted with this block.
             wtx.m_confirm.nIndex = 0;
             wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock = hashBlock;
             wtx.m_confirm.block_height = conflicting_height;
             wtx.setConflicted();
             wtx.MarkDirty();
             batch.WriteTx(wtx);
             // Iterate over all its outputs, and mark transactions in the wallet
             // that spend them conflicted too.
             TxSpends::const_iterator iter =
                 mapTxSpends.lower_bound(COutPoint(now, 0));
             while (iter != mapTxSpends.end() && iter->first.GetTxId() == now) {
                 if (!done.count(iter->second)) {
                     todo.insert(iter->second);
                 }
                 iter++;
             }
             // If a transaction changes 'conflicted' state, that changes the
             // balance available of the outputs it spends. So force those to be
             // recomputed.
             MarkInputsDirty(wtx.tx);
         }
     }
 }
 
 void CWallet::SyncTransaction(const CTransactionRef &ptx,
                               CWalletTx::Confirmation confirm, bool update_tx) {
     if (!AddToWalletIfInvolvingMe(ptx, confirm, update_tx)) {
         // Not one of ours
         return;
     }
 
     // If a transaction changes 'conflicted' state, that changes the balance
     // available of the outputs it spends. So force those to be
     // recomputed, also:
     MarkInputsDirty(ptx);
 }
 
 void CWallet::transactionAddedToMempool(const CTransactionRef &tx,
                                         uint64_t mempool_sequence) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     SyncTransaction(tx, {CWalletTx::Status::UNCONFIRMED, /* block_height */ 0,
                          BlockHash(), /* nIndex */ 0});
 
     auto it = mapWallet.find(tx->GetId());
     if (it != mapWallet.end()) {
         it->second.fInMempool = true;
     }
 }
 
 void CWallet::transactionRemovedFromMempool(const CTransactionRef &tx,
                                             MemPoolRemovalReason reason,
                                             uint64_t mempool_sequence) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     auto it = mapWallet.find(tx->GetId());
     if (it != mapWallet.end()) {
         it->second.fInMempool = false;
     }
     // Handle transactions that were removed from the mempool because they
     // conflict with transactions in a newly connected block.
     if (reason == MemPoolRemovalReason::CONFLICT) {
         // Call SyncNotifications, so external -walletnotify notifications will
         // be triggered for these transactions. Set Status::UNCONFIRMED instead
         // of Status::CONFLICTED for a few reasons:
         //
         // 1. The transactionRemovedFromMempool callback does not currently
         //    provide the conflicting block's hash and height, and for backwards
         //    compatibility reasons it may not be not safe to store conflicted
         //    wallet transactions with a null block hash. See
         //    https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/18600#discussion_r420195993.
         // 2. For most of these transactions, the wallet's internal conflict
         //    detection in the blockConnected handler will subsequently call
         //    MarkConflicted and update them with CONFLICTED status anyway. This
         //    applies to any wallet transaction that has inputs spent in the
         //    block, or that has ancestors in the wallet with inputs spent by
         //    the block.
         // 3. Longstanding behavior since the sync implementation in
         //    https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/9371 and the prior sync
         //    implementation before that was to mark these transactions
         //    unconfirmed rather than conflicted.
         //
         // Nothing described above should be seen as an unchangeable requirement
         // when improving this code in the future. The wallet's heuristics for
         // distinguishing between conflicted and unconfirmed transactions are
         // imperfect, and could be improved in general, see
         // https://github.com/bitcoin-core/bitcoin-devwiki/wiki/Wallet-Transaction-Conflict-Tracking
         SyncTransaction(tx,
                         {CWalletTx::Status::UNCONFIRMED, /* block height  */ 0,
                          BlockHash(), /* index */ 0});
     }
 }
 
 void CWallet::blockConnected(const CBlock &block, int height) {
     const BlockHash &block_hash = block.GetHash();
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     m_last_block_processed_height = height;
     m_last_block_processed = block_hash;
     for (size_t index = 0; index < block.vtx.size(); index++) {
         SyncTransaction(block.vtx[index], {CWalletTx::Status::CONFIRMED, height,
                                            block_hash, int(index)});
         transactionRemovedFromMempool(block.vtx[index],
                                       MemPoolRemovalReason::BLOCK,
                                       0 /* mempool_sequence */);
     }
 }
 
 void CWallet::blockDisconnected(const CBlock &block, int height) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     // At block disconnection, this will change an abandoned transaction to
     // be unconfirmed, whether or not the transaction is added back to the
     // mempool. User may have to call abandontransaction again. It may be
     // addressed in the future with a stickier abandoned state or even removing
     // abandontransaction call.
     m_last_block_processed_height = height - 1;
     m_last_block_processed = block.hashPrevBlock;
     for (const CTransactionRef &ptx : block.vtx) {
         SyncTransaction(ptx,
                         {CWalletTx::Status::UNCONFIRMED, /* block_height */ 0,
                          BlockHash(), /* nIndex */ 0});
     }
 }
 
 void CWallet::updatedBlockTip() {
     m_best_block_time = GetTime();
 }
 
 void CWallet::BlockUntilSyncedToCurrentChain() const {
     AssertLockNotHeld(cs_wallet);
     // Skip the queue-draining stuff if we know we're caught up with
     // chainActive.Tip(), otherwise put a callback in the validation interface
     // queue and wait for the queue to drain enough to execute it (indicating we
     // are caught up at least with the time we entered this function).
     const BlockHash last_block_hash =
         WITH_LOCK(cs_wallet, return m_last_block_processed);
     chain().waitForNotificationsIfTipChanged(last_block_hash);
 }
 
 isminetype CWallet::IsMine(const CTxIn &txin) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     std::map<TxId, CWalletTx>::const_iterator mi =
         mapWallet.find(txin.prevout.GetTxId());
     if (mi != mapWallet.end()) {
         const CWalletTx &prev = (*mi).second;
         if (txin.prevout.GetN() < prev.tx->vout.size()) {
             return IsMine(prev.tx->vout[txin.prevout.GetN()]);
         }
     }
 
     return ISMINE_NO;
 }
 
 // Note that this function doesn't distinguish between a 0-valued input, and a
 // not-"is mine" (according to the filter) input.
 Amount CWallet::GetDebit(const CTxIn &txin, const isminefilter &filter) const {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     std::map<TxId, CWalletTx>::const_iterator mi =
         mapWallet.find(txin.prevout.GetTxId());
     if (mi != mapWallet.end()) {
         const CWalletTx &prev = (*mi).second;
         if (txin.prevout.GetN() < prev.tx->vout.size()) {
             if (IsMine(prev.tx->vout[txin.prevout.GetN()]) & filter) {
                 return prev.tx->vout[txin.prevout.GetN()].nValue;
             }
         }
     }
 
     return Amount::zero();
 }
 
 isminetype CWallet::IsMine(const CTxOut &txout) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     return IsMine(txout.scriptPubKey);
 }
 
 isminetype CWallet::IsMine(const CTxDestination &dest) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     return IsMine(GetScriptForDestination(dest));
 }
 
 isminetype CWallet::IsMine(const CScript &script) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     isminetype result = ISMINE_NO;
     for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
         result = std::max(result, spk_man_pair.second->IsMine(script));
     }
     return result;
 }
 
 Amount CWallet::GetCredit(const CTxOut &txout,
                           const isminefilter &filter) const {
     if (!MoneyRange(txout.nValue)) {
         throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) +
                                  ": value out of range");
     }
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     return (IsMine(txout) & filter) ? txout.nValue : Amount::zero();
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsChange(const CTxOut &txout) const {
     return IsChange(txout.scriptPubKey);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsChange(const CScript &script) const {
     // TODO: fix handling of 'change' outputs. The assumption is that any
     // payment to a script that is ours, but is not in the address book is
     // change. That assumption is likely to break when we implement
     // multisignature wallets that return change back into a
     // multi-signature-protected address; a better way of identifying which
     // outputs are 'the send' and which are 'the change' will need to be
     // implemented (maybe extend CWalletTx to remember which output, if any, was
     // change).
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     if (IsMine(script)) {
         CTxDestination address;
         if (!ExtractDestination(script, address)) {
             return true;
         }
         if (!FindAddressBookEntry(address)) {
             return true;
         }
     }
 
     return false;
 }
 
 Amount CWallet::GetChange(const CTxOut &txout) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     if (!MoneyRange(txout.nValue)) {
         throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) +
                                  ": value out of range");
     }
 
     return (IsChange(txout) ? txout.nValue : Amount::zero());
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsMine(const CTransaction &tx) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     for (const CTxOut &txout : tx.vout) {
         if (IsMine(txout)) {
             return true;
         }
     }
 
     return false;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsFromMe(const CTransaction &tx) const {
     return GetDebit(tx, ISMINE_ALL) > Amount::zero();
 }
 
 Amount CWallet::GetDebit(const CTransaction &tx,
                          const isminefilter &filter) const {
     Amount nDebit = Amount::zero();
     for (const CTxIn &txin : tx.vin) {
         nDebit += GetDebit(txin, filter);
         if (!MoneyRange(nDebit)) {
             throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) +
                                      ": value out of range");
         }
     }
 
     return nDebit;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsAllFromMe(const CTransaction &tx,
                           const isminefilter &filter) const {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     for (const CTxIn &txin : tx.vin) {
         auto mi = mapWallet.find(txin.prevout.GetTxId());
         if (mi == mapWallet.end()) {
             // Any unknown inputs can't be from us.
             return false;
         }
 
         const CWalletTx &prev = (*mi).second;
 
         if (txin.prevout.GetN() >= prev.tx->vout.size()) {
             // Invalid input!
             return false;
         }
 
         if (!(IsMine(prev.tx->vout[txin.prevout.GetN()]) & filter)) {
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
 Amount CWallet::GetCredit(const CTransaction &tx,
                           const isminefilter &filter) const {
     Amount nCredit = Amount::zero();
     for (const CTxOut &txout : tx.vout) {
         nCredit += GetCredit(txout, filter);
         if (!MoneyRange(nCredit)) {
             throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) +
                                      ": value out of range");
         }
     }
 
     return nCredit;
 }
 
 Amount CWallet::GetChange(const CTransaction &tx) const {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     Amount nChange = Amount::zero();
     for (const CTxOut &txout : tx.vout) {
         nChange += GetChange(txout);
         if (!MoneyRange(nChange)) {
             throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) +
                                      ": value out of range");
         }
     }
 
     return nChange;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsHDEnabled() const {
     // All Active ScriptPubKeyMans must be HD for this to be true
     bool result = true;
     for (const auto &spk_man : GetActiveScriptPubKeyMans()) {
         result &= spk_man->IsHDEnabled();
     }
     return result;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::CanGetAddresses(bool internal) const {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     if (m_spk_managers.empty()) {
         return false;
     }
     for (OutputType t : OUTPUT_TYPES) {
         auto spk_man = GetScriptPubKeyMan(t, internal);
         if (spk_man && spk_man->CanGetAddresses(internal)) {
             return true;
         }
     }
     return false;
 }
 
 void CWallet::SetWalletFlag(uint64_t flags) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     m_wallet_flags |= flags;
     if (!WalletBatch(*database).WriteWalletFlags(m_wallet_flags)) {
         throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) +
                                  ": writing wallet flags failed");
     }
 }
 
 void CWallet::UnsetWalletFlag(uint64_t flag) {
     WalletBatch batch(*database);
     UnsetWalletFlagWithDB(batch, flag);
 }
 
 void CWallet::UnsetWalletFlagWithDB(WalletBatch &batch, uint64_t flag) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     m_wallet_flags &= ~flag;
     if (!batch.WriteWalletFlags(m_wallet_flags)) {
         throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) +
                                  ": writing wallet flags failed");
     }
 }
 
 void CWallet::UnsetBlankWalletFlag(WalletBatch &batch) {
     UnsetWalletFlagWithDB(batch, WALLET_FLAG_BLANK_WALLET);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsWalletFlagSet(uint64_t flag) const {
     return (m_wallet_flags & flag);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::LoadWalletFlags(uint64_t flags) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     if (((flags & KNOWN_WALLET_FLAGS) >> 32) ^ (flags >> 32)) {
         // contains unknown non-tolerable wallet flags
         return false;
     }
     m_wallet_flags = flags;
 
     return true;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::AddWalletFlags(uint64_t flags) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     // We should never be writing unknown non-tolerable wallet flags
     assert(((flags & KNOWN_WALLET_FLAGS) >> 32) == (flags >> 32));
     if (!WalletBatch(*database).WriteWalletFlags(flags)) {
         throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) +
                                  ": writing wallet flags failed");
     }
 
     return LoadWalletFlags(flags);
 }
 
 int64_t CWalletTx::GetTxTime() const {
     int64_t n = nTimeSmart;
     return n ? n : nTimeReceived;
 }
 
 // Helper for producing a max-sized low-S low-R signature (eg 71 bytes)
 // or a max-sized low-S signature (e.g. 72 bytes) if use_max_sig is true
 bool CWallet::DummySignInput(CTxIn &tx_in, const CTxOut &txout,
                              bool use_max_sig) const {
     // Fill in dummy signatures for fee calculation.
     const CScript &scriptPubKey = txout.scriptPubKey;
     SignatureData sigdata;
 
     std::unique_ptr<SigningProvider> provider =
         GetSolvingProvider(scriptPubKey);
     if (!provider) {
         // We don't know about this scriptpbuKey;
         return false;
     }
 
     if (!ProduceSignature(*provider,
                           use_max_sig ? DUMMY_MAXIMUM_SIGNATURE_CREATOR
                                       : DUMMY_SIGNATURE_CREATOR,
                           scriptPubKey, sigdata)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     UpdateInput(tx_in, sigdata);
     return true;
 }
 
 // Helper for producing a bunch of max-sized low-S low-R signatures (eg 71
 // bytes)
 bool CWallet::DummySignTx(CMutableTransaction &txNew,
                           const std::vector<CTxOut> &txouts,
                           bool use_max_sig) const {
     // Fill in dummy signatures for fee calculation.
     int nIn = 0;
     for (const auto &txout : txouts) {
         if (!DummySignInput(txNew.vin[nIn], txout, use_max_sig)) {
             return false;
         }
 
         nIn++;
     }
     return true;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::ImportScripts(const std::set<CScript> scripts,
                             int64_t timestamp) {
     auto spk_man = GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
     if (!spk_man) {
         return false;
     }
     LOCK(spk_man->cs_KeyStore);
     return spk_man->ImportScripts(scripts, timestamp);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::ImportPrivKeys(const std::map<CKeyID, CKey> &privkey_map,
                              const int64_t timestamp) {
     auto spk_man = GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
     if (!spk_man) {
         return false;
     }
     LOCK(spk_man->cs_KeyStore);
     return spk_man->ImportPrivKeys(privkey_map, timestamp);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::ImportPubKeys(
     const std::vector<CKeyID> &ordered_pubkeys,
     const std::map<CKeyID, CPubKey> &pubkey_map,
     const std::map<CKeyID, std::pair<CPubKey, KeyOriginInfo>> &key_origins,
     const bool add_keypool, const bool internal, const int64_t timestamp) {
     auto spk_man = GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
     if (!spk_man) {
         return false;
     }
     LOCK(spk_man->cs_KeyStore);
     return spk_man->ImportPubKeys(ordered_pubkeys, pubkey_map, key_origins,
                                   add_keypool, internal, timestamp);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::ImportScriptPubKeys(const std::string &label,
                                   const std::set<CScript> &script_pub_keys,
                                   const bool have_solving_data,
                                   const bool apply_label,
                                   const int64_t timestamp) {
     auto spk_man = GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
     if (!spk_man) {
         return false;
     }
     LOCK(spk_man->cs_KeyStore);
     if (!spk_man->ImportScriptPubKeys(script_pub_keys, have_solving_data,
                                       timestamp)) {
         return false;
     }
     if (apply_label) {
         WalletBatch batch(*database);
         for (const CScript &script : script_pub_keys) {
             CTxDestination dest;
             ExtractDestination(script, dest);
             if (IsValidDestination(dest)) {
                 SetAddressBookWithDB(batch, dest, label, "receive");
             }
         }
     }
     return true;
 }
 
 int64_t CalculateMaximumSignedTxSize(const CTransaction &tx,
                                      const CWallet *wallet, bool use_max_sig) {
     std::vector<CTxOut> txouts;
     for (auto &input : tx.vin) {
         const auto mi = wallet->mapWallet.find(input.prevout.GetTxId());
         // Can not estimate size without knowing the input details
         if (mi == wallet->mapWallet.end()) {
             return -1;
         }
         assert(input.prevout.GetN() < mi->second.tx->vout.size());
         txouts.emplace_back(mi->second.tx->vout[input.prevout.GetN()]);
     }
     return CalculateMaximumSignedTxSize(tx, wallet, txouts, use_max_sig);
 }
 
 // txouts needs to be in the order of tx.vin
 int64_t CalculateMaximumSignedTxSize(const CTransaction &tx,
                                      const CWallet *wallet,
                                      const std::vector<CTxOut> &txouts,
                                      bool use_max_sig) {
     CMutableTransaction txNew(tx);
     if (!wallet->DummySignTx(txNew, txouts, use_max_sig)) {
         return -1;
     }
     return GetSerializeSize(txNew, PROTOCOL_VERSION);
 }
 
 int CalculateMaximumSignedInputSize(const CTxOut &txout, const CWallet *wallet,
                                     bool use_max_sig) {
     CMutableTransaction txn;
     txn.vin.push_back(CTxIn(COutPoint()));
     if (!wallet->DummySignInput(txn.vin[0], txout, use_max_sig)) {
         return -1;
     }
     return GetSerializeSize(txn.vin[0], PROTOCOL_VERSION);
 }
 
 void CWalletTx::GetAmounts(std::list<COutputEntry> &listReceived,
                            std::list<COutputEntry> &listSent, Amount &nFee,
                            const isminefilter &filter) const {
     nFee = Amount::zero();
     listReceived.clear();
     listSent.clear();
 
     // Compute fee:
     Amount nDebit = GetDebit(filter);
     // debit>0 means we signed/sent this transaction.
     if (nDebit > Amount::zero()) {
         Amount nValueOut = tx->GetValueOut();
         nFee = (nDebit - nValueOut);
     }
 
     LOCK(pwallet->cs_wallet);
     // Sent/received.
     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < tx->vout.size(); ++i) {
         const CTxOut &txout = tx->vout[i];
         isminetype fIsMine = pwallet->IsMine(txout);
         // Only need to handle txouts if AT LEAST one of these is true:
         //   1) they debit from us (sent)
         //   2) the output is to us (received)
         if (nDebit > Amount::zero()) {
             // Don't report 'change' txouts
             if (pwallet->IsChange(txout)) {
                 continue;
             }
         } else if (!(fIsMine & filter)) {
             continue;
         }
 
         // In either case, we need to get the destination address.
         CTxDestination address;
 
         if (!ExtractDestination(txout.scriptPubKey, address) &&
             !txout.scriptPubKey.IsUnspendable()) {
             pwallet->WalletLogPrintf("CWalletTx::GetAmounts: Unknown "
                                      "transaction type found, txid %s\n",
                                      this->GetId().ToString());
             address = CNoDestination();
         }
 
         COutputEntry output = {address, txout.nValue, (int)i};
 
         // If we are debited by the transaction, add the output as a "sent"
         // entry.
         if (nDebit > Amount::zero()) {
             listSent.push_back(output);
         }
 
         // If we are receiving the output, add it as a "received" entry.
         if (fIsMine & filter) {
             listReceived.push_back(output);
         }
     }
 }
 
 /**
  * Scan active chain for relevant transactions after importing keys. This should
  * be called whenever new keys are added to the wallet, with the oldest key
  * creation time.
  *
  * @return Earliest timestamp that could be successfully scanned from. Timestamp
  * returned will be higher than startTime if relevant blocks could not be read.
  */
 int64_t CWallet::RescanFromTime(int64_t startTime,
                                 const WalletRescanReserver &reserver,
                                 bool update) {
     // Find starting block. May be null if nCreateTime is greater than the
     // highest blockchain timestamp, in which case there is nothing that needs
     // to be scanned.
     int start_height = 0;
     BlockHash start_block;
     bool start = chain().findFirstBlockWithTimeAndHeight(
         startTime - TIMESTAMP_WINDOW, 0,
         FoundBlock().hash(start_block).height(start_height));
     WalletLogPrintf("%s: Rescanning last %i blocks\n", __func__,
                     start ? WITH_LOCK(cs_wallet, return GetLastBlockHeight()) -
                                 start_height + 1
                           : 0);
 
     if (start) {
         // TODO: this should take into account failure by ScanResult::USER_ABORT
         ScanResult result = ScanForWalletTransactions(
             start_block, start_height, {} /* max_height */, reserver, update);
         if (result.status == ScanResult::FAILURE) {
             int64_t time_max;
             CHECK_NONFATAL(chain().findBlock(result.last_failed_block,
                                              FoundBlock().maxTime(time_max)));
             return time_max + TIMESTAMP_WINDOW + 1;
         }
     }
     return startTime;
 }
 
 /**
  * Scan the block chain (starting in start_block) for transactions from or to
  * us. If fUpdate is true, found transactions that already exist in the wallet
  * will be updated.
  *
  * @param[in] start_block Scan starting block. If block is not on the active
  *                        chain, the scan will return SUCCESS immediately.
  * @param[in] start_height Height of start_block
  * @param[in] max_height  Optional max scanning height. If unset there is
  *                        no maximum and scanning can continue to the tip
  *
  * @return ScanResult returning scan information and indicating success or
  *         failure. Return status will be set to SUCCESS if scan was
  *         successful. FAILURE if a complete rescan was not possible (due to
  *         pruning or corruption). USER_ABORT if the rescan was aborted before
  *         it could complete.
  *
  * @pre Caller needs to make sure start_block (and the optional stop_block) are
  * on the main chain after to the addition of any new keys you want to detect
  * transactions for.
  */
 CWallet::ScanResult CWallet::ScanForWalletTransactions(
     const BlockHash &start_block, int start_height,
     std::optional<int> max_height, const WalletRescanReserver &reserver,
     bool fUpdate) {
     int64_t nNow = GetTime();
     int64_t start_time = GetTimeMillis();
 
     assert(reserver.isReserved());
 
     BlockHash block_hash = start_block;
     ScanResult result;
 
     WalletLogPrintf("Rescan started from block %s...\n",
                     start_block.ToString());
 
     fAbortRescan = false;
     // Show rescan progress in GUI as dialog or on splashscreen, if -rescan on
     // startup.
     ShowProgress(
         strprintf("%s " + _("Rescanning...").translated, GetDisplayName()), 0);
     BlockHash tip_hash = WITH_LOCK(cs_wallet, return GetLastBlockHash());
     BlockHash end_hash = tip_hash;
     if (max_height) {
         chain().findAncestorByHeight(tip_hash, *max_height,
                                      FoundBlock().hash(end_hash));
     }
     double progress_begin = chain().guessVerificationProgress(block_hash);
     double progress_end = chain().guessVerificationProgress(end_hash);
     double progress_current = progress_begin;
     int block_height = start_height;
     while (!fAbortRescan && !chain().shutdownRequested()) {
         if (progress_end - progress_begin > 0.0) {
             m_scanning_progress = (progress_current - progress_begin) /
                                   (progress_end - progress_begin);
         } else {
             // avoid divide-by-zero for single block scan range (i.e. start and
             // stop hashes are equal)
             m_scanning_progress = 0;
         }
         if (block_height % 100 == 0 && progress_end - progress_begin > 0.0) {
             ShowProgress(
                 strprintf("%s " + _("Rescanning...").translated,
                           GetDisplayName()),
                 std::max(1, std::min(99, (int)(m_scanning_progress * 100))));
         }
         if (GetTime() >= nNow + 60) {
             nNow = GetTime();
             WalletLogPrintf("Still rescanning. At block %d. Progress=%f\n",
                             block_height, progress_current);
         }
 
         CBlock block;
         bool next_block;
         BlockHash next_block_hash;
         bool reorg = false;
         if (chain().findBlock(block_hash, FoundBlock().data(block)) &&
             !block.IsNull()) {
             LOCK(cs_wallet);
             next_block = chain().findNextBlock(
                 block_hash, block_height, FoundBlock().hash(next_block_hash),
                 &reorg);
             if (reorg) {
                 // Abort scan if current block is no longer active, to prevent
                 // marking transactions as coming from the wrong block.
                 // TODO: This should return success instead of failure, see
                 // https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/14711#issuecomment-458342518
                 result.last_failed_block = block_hash;
                 result.status = ScanResult::FAILURE;
                 break;
             }
             for (size_t posInBlock = 0; posInBlock < block.vtx.size();
                  ++posInBlock) {
                 CWalletTx::Confirmation confirm(CWalletTx::Status::CONFIRMED,
                                                 block_height, block_hash,
                                                 posInBlock);
                 SyncTransaction(block.vtx[posInBlock],
                                 {CWalletTx::Status::CONFIRMED, block_height,
                                  block_hash, int(posInBlock)},
                                 fUpdate);
             }
             // scan succeeded, record block as most recent successfully
             // scanned
             result.last_scanned_block = block_hash;
             result.last_scanned_height = block_height;
         } else {
             // could not scan block, keep scanning but record this block as
             // the most recent failure
             result.last_failed_block = block_hash;
             result.status = ScanResult::FAILURE;
             next_block = chain().findNextBlock(
                 block_hash, block_height, FoundBlock().hash(next_block_hash),
                 &reorg);
         }
         if (max_height && block_height >= *max_height) {
             break;
         }
         {
             if (!next_block || reorg) {
                 // break successfully when rescan has reached the tip, or
                 // previous block is no longer on the chain due to a reorg
                 break;
             }
 
             // increment block and verification progress
             block_hash = next_block_hash;
             ++block_height;
             progress_current = chain().guessVerificationProgress(block_hash);
 
             // handle updated tip hash
             const BlockHash prev_tip_hash = tip_hash;
             tip_hash = WITH_LOCK(cs_wallet, return GetLastBlockHash());
             if (!max_height && prev_tip_hash != tip_hash) {
                 // in case the tip has changed, update progress max
                 progress_end = chain().guessVerificationProgress(tip_hash);
             }
         }
     }
 
     // Hide progress dialog in GUI.
     ShowProgress(
         strprintf("%s " + _("Rescanning...").translated, GetDisplayName()),
         100);
     if (block_height && fAbortRescan) {
         WalletLogPrintf("Rescan aborted at block %d. Progress=%f\n",
                         block_height, progress_current);
         result.status = ScanResult::USER_ABORT;
     } else if (block_height && chain().shutdownRequested()) {
         WalletLogPrintf(
             "Rescan interrupted by shutdown request at block %d. Progress=%f\n",
             block_height, progress_current);
         result.status = ScanResult::USER_ABORT;
     } else {
         WalletLogPrintf("Rescan completed in %15dms\n",
                         GetTimeMillis() - start_time);
     }
     return result;
 }
 
 void CWallet::ReacceptWalletTransactions() {
     // If transactions aren't being broadcasted, don't let them into local
     // mempool either.
     if (!fBroadcastTransactions) {
         return;
     }
 
     std::map<int64_t, CWalletTx *> mapSorted;
 
     // Sort pending wallet transactions based on their initial wallet insertion
     // order.
     for (std::pair<const TxId, CWalletTx> &item : mapWallet) {
         const TxId &wtxid = item.first;
         CWalletTx &wtx = item.second;
         assert(wtx.GetId() == wtxid);
 
         int nDepth = wtx.GetDepthInMainChain();
 
         if (!wtx.IsCoinBase() && (nDepth == 0 && !wtx.isAbandoned())) {
             mapSorted.insert(std::make_pair(wtx.nOrderPos, &wtx));
         }
     }
 
     // Try to add wallet transactions to memory pool.
     for (const std::pair<const int64_t, CWalletTx *> &item : mapSorted) {
         CWalletTx &wtx = *(item.second);
         std::string unused_err_string;
         wtx.SubmitMemoryPoolAndRelay(unused_err_string, false);
     }
 }
 
 bool CWalletTx::SubmitMemoryPoolAndRelay(std::string &err_string, bool relay) {
     // Can't relay if wallet is not broadcasting
     if (!pwallet->GetBroadcastTransactions()) {
         return false;
     }
     // Don't relay abandoned transactions
     if (isAbandoned()) {
         return false;
     }
     // Don't try to submit coinbase transactions. These would fail anyway but
     // would cause log spam.
     if (IsCoinBase()) {
         return false;
     }
     // Don't try to submit conflicted or confirmed transactions.
     if (GetDepthInMainChain() != 0) {
         return false;
     }
 
     // Submit transaction to mempool for relay
     pwallet->WalletLogPrintf("Submitting wtx %s to mempool for relay\n",
                              GetId().ToString());
     // We must set fInMempool here - while it will be re-set to true by the
     // entered-mempool callback, if we did not there would be a race where a
     // user could call sendmoney in a loop and hit spurious out of funds errors
     // because we think that this newly generated transaction's change is
     // unavailable as we're not yet aware that it is in the mempool.
     //
     // Irrespective of the failure reason, un-marking fInMempool
     // out-of-order is incorrect - it should be unmarked when
     // TransactionRemovedFromMempool fires.
     bool ret = pwallet->chain().broadcastTransaction(
         GetConfig(), tx, pwallet->m_default_max_tx_fee, relay, err_string);
     fInMempool |= ret;
     return ret;
 }
 
 std::set<TxId> CWalletTx::GetConflicts() const {
     std::set<TxId> result;
     if (pwallet != nullptr) {
         const TxId &txid = GetId();
         result = pwallet->GetConflicts(txid);
         result.erase(txid);
     }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 Amount CWalletTx::GetCachableAmount(AmountType type, const isminefilter &filter,
                                     bool recalculate) const {
     auto &amount = m_amounts[type];
     if (recalculate || !amount.m_cached[filter]) {
         amount.Set(filter, type == DEBIT ? pwallet->GetDebit(*tx, filter)
                                          : pwallet->GetCredit(*tx, filter));
         m_is_cache_empty = false;
     }
     return amount.m_value[filter];
 }
 
 Amount CWalletTx::GetDebit(const isminefilter &filter) const {
     if (tx->vin.empty()) {
         return Amount::zero();
     }
 
     Amount debit = Amount::zero();
     if (filter & ISMINE_SPENDABLE) {
         debit += GetCachableAmount(DEBIT, ISMINE_SPENDABLE);
     }
     if (filter & ISMINE_WATCH_ONLY) {
         debit += GetCachableAmount(DEBIT, ISMINE_WATCH_ONLY);
     }
 
     return debit;
 }
 
 Amount CWalletTx::GetCredit(const isminefilter &filter) const {
     // Must wait until coinbase is safely deep enough in the chain before
     // valuing it.
     if (IsImmatureCoinBase()) {
         return Amount::zero();
     }
 
     Amount credit = Amount::zero();
     if (filter & ISMINE_SPENDABLE) {
         // GetBalance can assume transactions in mapWallet won't change.
         credit += GetCachableAmount(CREDIT, ISMINE_SPENDABLE);
     }
 
     if (filter & ISMINE_WATCH_ONLY) {
         credit += GetCachableAmount(CREDIT, ISMINE_WATCH_ONLY);
     }
 
     return credit;
 }
 
 Amount CWalletTx::GetImmatureCredit(bool fUseCache) const {
     if (IsImmatureCoinBase() && IsInMainChain()) {
         return GetCachableAmount(IMMATURE_CREDIT, ISMINE_SPENDABLE, !fUseCache);
     }
 
     return Amount::zero();
 }
 
 Amount CWalletTx::GetAvailableCredit(bool fUseCache,
                                      const isminefilter &filter) const {
     if (pwallet == nullptr) {
         return Amount::zero();
     }
 
     // Avoid caching ismine for NO or ALL cases (could remove this check and
     // simplify in the future).
     bool allow_cache =
         (filter & ISMINE_ALL) && (filter & ISMINE_ALL) != ISMINE_ALL;
 
     // Must wait until coinbase is safely deep enough in the chain before
     // valuing it.
     if (IsImmatureCoinBase()) {
         return Amount::zero();
     }
 
     if (fUseCache && allow_cache &&
         m_amounts[AVAILABLE_CREDIT].m_cached[filter]) {
         return m_amounts[AVAILABLE_CREDIT].m_value[filter];
     }
 
     bool allow_used_addresses =
         (filter & ISMINE_USED) ||
         !pwallet->IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_AVOID_REUSE);
     Amount nCredit = Amount::zero();
     const TxId &txid = GetId();
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < tx->vout.size(); i++) {
         if (!pwallet->IsSpent(COutPoint(txid, i)) &&
             (allow_used_addresses || !pwallet->IsSpentKey(txid, i))) {
             const CTxOut &txout = tx->vout[i];
             nCredit += pwallet->GetCredit(txout, filter);
             if (!MoneyRange(nCredit)) {
                 throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) +
                                          " : value out of range");
             }
         }
     }
 
     if (allow_cache) {
         m_amounts[AVAILABLE_CREDIT].Set(filter, nCredit);
         m_is_cache_empty = false;
     }
 
     return nCredit;
 }
 
 Amount CWalletTx::GetImmatureWatchOnlyCredit(const bool fUseCache) const {
     if (IsImmatureCoinBase() && IsInMainChain()) {
         return GetCachableAmount(IMMATURE_CREDIT, ISMINE_WATCH_ONLY,
                                  !fUseCache);
     }
 
     return Amount::zero();
 }
 
 Amount CWalletTx::GetChange() const {
     if (fChangeCached) {
         return nChangeCached;
     }
 
     nChangeCached = pwallet->GetChange(*tx);
     fChangeCached = true;
     return nChangeCached;
 }
 
 bool CWalletTx::InMempool() const {
     return fInMempool;
 }
 
 bool CWalletTx::IsTrusted() const {
     std::set<TxId> trusted_parents;
     LOCK(pwallet->cs_wallet);
     return pwallet->IsTrusted(*this, trusted_parents);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsTrusted(const CWalletTx &wtx,
                         std::set<TxId> &trusted_parents) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     // Quick answer in most cases
     TxValidationState state;
     if (!chain().contextualCheckTransactionForCurrentBlock(*wtx.tx, state)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     int nDepth = wtx.GetDepthInMainChain();
     if (nDepth >= 1) {
         return true;
     }
 
     if (nDepth < 0) {
         return false;
     }
 
     // using wtx's cached debit
     if (!m_spend_zero_conf_change || !wtx.IsFromMe(ISMINE_ALL)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     // Don't trust unconfirmed transactions from us unless they are in the
     // mempool.
     if (!wtx.InMempool()) {
         return false;
     }
 
     // Trusted if all inputs are from us and are in the mempool:
     for (const CTxIn &txin : wtx.tx->vin) {
         // Transactions not sent by us: not trusted
         const CWalletTx *parent = GetWalletTx(txin.prevout.GetTxId());
         if (parent == nullptr) {
             return false;
         }
 
         const CTxOut &parentOut = parent->tx->vout[txin.prevout.GetN()];
         // Check that this specific input being spent is trusted
         if (IsMine(parentOut) != ISMINE_SPENDABLE) {
             return false;
         }
         // If we've already trusted this parent, continue
         if (trusted_parents.count(parent->GetId())) {
             continue;
         }
         // Recurse to check that the parent is also trusted
         if (!IsTrusted(*parent, trusted_parents)) {
             return false;
         }
         trusted_parents.insert(parent->GetId());
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
 bool CWalletTx::IsEquivalentTo(const CWalletTx &_tx) const {
     CMutableTransaction tx1{*this->tx};
     CMutableTransaction tx2{*_tx.tx};
     for (auto &txin : tx1.vin) {
         txin.scriptSig = CScript();
     }
 
     for (auto &txin : tx2.vin) {
         txin.scriptSig = CScript();
     }
 
     return CTransaction(tx1) == CTransaction(tx2);
 }
 
 // Rebroadcast transactions from the wallet. We do this on a random timer
 // to slightly obfuscate which transactions come from our wallet.
 //
 // Ideally, we'd only resend transactions that we think should have been
 // mined in the most recent block. Any transaction that wasn't in the top
 // blockweight of transactions in the mempool shouldn't have been mined,
 // and so is probably just sitting in the mempool waiting to be confirmed.
 // Rebroadcasting does nothing to speed up confirmation and only damages
 // privacy.
 void CWallet::ResendWalletTransactions() {
     // During reindex, importing and IBD, old wallet transactions become
     // unconfirmed. Don't resend them as that would spam other nodes.
     if (!chain().isReadyToBroadcast()) {
         return;
     }
 
     // Do this infrequently and randomly to avoid giving away that these are our
     // transactions.
     if (GetTime() < nNextResend || !fBroadcastTransactions) {
         return;
     }
 
     bool fFirst = (nNextResend == 0);
     // resend 12-36 hours from now, ~1 day on average.
     nNextResend = GetTime() + (12 * 60 * 60) + GetRand(24 * 60 * 60);
     if (fFirst) {
         return;
     }
 
     int submitted_tx_count = 0;
 
     { // cs_wallet scope
         LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
         // Relay transactions
         for (std::pair<const TxId, CWalletTx> &item : mapWallet) {
             CWalletTx &wtx = item.second;
             // Attempt to rebroadcast all txes more than 5 minutes older than
             // the last block. SubmitMemoryPoolAndRelay() will not rebroadcast
             // any confirmed or conflicting txs.
             if (wtx.nTimeReceived > m_best_block_time - 5 * 60) {
                 continue;
             }
             std::string unused_err_string;
             if (wtx.SubmitMemoryPoolAndRelay(unused_err_string, true)) {
                 ++submitted_tx_count;
             }
         }
     } // cs_wallet
 
     if (submitted_tx_count > 0) {
         WalletLogPrintf("%s: resubmit %u unconfirmed transactions\n", __func__,
                         submitted_tx_count);
     }
 }
 
 /** @} */ // end of mapWallet
 
 void MaybeResendWalletTxs() {
     for (const std::shared_ptr<CWallet> &pwallet : GetWallets()) {
         pwallet->ResendWalletTransactions();
     }
 }
 
 /**
  * @defgroup Actions
  *
  * @{
  */
 CWallet::Balance CWallet::GetBalance(const int min_depth,
                                      bool avoid_reuse) const {
     Balance ret;
     isminefilter reuse_filter = avoid_reuse ? ISMINE_NO : ISMINE_USED;
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     std::set<TxId> trusted_parents;
     for (const auto &entry : mapWallet) {
         const CWalletTx &wtx = entry.second;
         const bool is_trusted{IsTrusted(wtx, trusted_parents)};
         const int tx_depth{wtx.GetDepthInMainChain()};
         const Amount tx_credit_mine{wtx.GetAvailableCredit(
             /* fUseCache */ true, ISMINE_SPENDABLE | reuse_filter)};
         const Amount tx_credit_watchonly{wtx.GetAvailableCredit(
             /* fUseCache */ true, ISMINE_WATCH_ONLY | reuse_filter)};
         if (is_trusted && tx_depth >= min_depth) {
             ret.m_mine_trusted += tx_credit_mine;
             ret.m_watchonly_trusted += tx_credit_watchonly;
         }
         if (!is_trusted && tx_depth == 0 && wtx.InMempool()) {
             ret.m_mine_untrusted_pending += tx_credit_mine;
             ret.m_watchonly_untrusted_pending += tx_credit_watchonly;
         }
         ret.m_mine_immature += wtx.GetImmatureCredit();
         ret.m_watchonly_immature += wtx.GetImmatureWatchOnlyCredit();
     }
     return ret;
 }
 
 Amount CWallet::GetAvailableBalance(const CCoinControl *coinControl) const {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     Amount balance = Amount::zero();
     std::vector<COutput> vCoins;
     AvailableCoins(vCoins, true, coinControl);
     for (const COutput &out : vCoins) {
         if (out.fSpendable) {
             balance += out.tx->tx->vout[out.i].nValue;
         }
     }
     return balance;
 }
 
 void CWallet::AvailableCoins(std::vector<COutput> &vCoins, bool fOnlySafe,
                              const CCoinControl *coinControl,
                              const Amount nMinimumAmount,
                              const Amount nMaximumAmount,
                              const Amount nMinimumSumAmount,
                              const uint64_t nMaximumCount) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
 
     vCoins.clear();
     Amount nTotal = Amount::zero();
     // Either the WALLET_FLAG_AVOID_REUSE flag is not set (in which case we
     // always allow), or we default to avoiding, and only in the case where a
     // coin control object is provided, and has the avoid address reuse flag set
     // to false, do we allow already used addresses
     bool allow_used_addresses =
         !IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_AVOID_REUSE) ||
         (coinControl && !coinControl->m_avoid_address_reuse);
     const int min_depth = {coinControl ? coinControl->m_min_depth
                                        : DEFAULT_MIN_DEPTH};
     const int max_depth = {coinControl ? coinControl->m_max_depth
                                        : DEFAULT_MAX_DEPTH};
 
     std::set<TxId> trusted_parents;
     for (const auto &entry : mapWallet) {
         const TxId &wtxid = entry.first;
         const CWalletTx &wtx = entry.second;
 
         TxValidationState state;
         if (!chain().contextualCheckTransactionForCurrentBlock(*wtx.tx,
                                                                state)) {
             continue;
         }
 
         if (wtx.IsImmatureCoinBase()) {
             continue;
         }
 
         int nDepth = wtx.GetDepthInMainChain();
         if (nDepth < 0) {
             continue;
         }
 
         // We should not consider coins which aren't at least in our mempool.
         // It's possible for these to be conflicted via ancestors which we may
         // never be able to detect.
         if (nDepth == 0 && !wtx.InMempool()) {
             continue;
         }
 
         bool safeTx = IsTrusted(wtx, trusted_parents);
 
         // Bitcoin-ABC: Removed check that prevents consideration of coins from
         // transactions that are replacing other transactions. This check based
         // on wtx.mapValue.count("replaces_txid") which was not being set
         // anywhere.
 
         // Similarly, we should not consider coins from transactions that have
         // been replaced. In the example above, we would want to prevent
         // creation of a transaction A' spending an output of A, because if
         // transaction B were initially confirmed, conflicting with A and A', we
         // wouldn't want to the user to create a transaction D intending to
         // replace A', but potentially resulting in a scenario where A, A', and
         // D could all be accepted (instead of just B and D, or just A and A'
         // like the user would want).
 
         // Bitcoin-ABC: retained this check as 'replaced_by_txid' is still set
         // in the wallet code.
         if (nDepth == 0 && wtx.mapValue.count("replaced_by_txid")) {
             safeTx = false;
         }
 
         if (fOnlySafe && !safeTx) {
             continue;
         }
 
         if (nDepth < min_depth || nDepth > max_depth) {
             continue;
         }
 
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < wtx.tx->vout.size(); i++) {
             // Only consider selected coins if add_inputs is false
             if (coinControl && !coinControl->m_add_inputs &&
                 !coinControl->IsSelected(COutPoint(entry.first, i))) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (wtx.tx->vout[i].nValue < nMinimumAmount ||
                 wtx.tx->vout[i].nValue > nMaximumAmount) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             const COutPoint outpoint(wtxid, i);
 
             if (coinControl && coinControl->HasSelected() &&
                 !coinControl->fAllowOtherInputs &&
                 !coinControl->IsSelected(outpoint)) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (IsLockedCoin(outpoint)) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (IsSpent(outpoint)) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             isminetype mine = IsMine(wtx.tx->vout[i]);
 
             if (mine == ISMINE_NO) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (!allow_used_addresses && IsSpentKey(wtxid, i)) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             std::unique_ptr<SigningProvider> provider =
                 GetSolvingProvider(wtx.tx->vout[i].scriptPubKey);
 
             bool solvable =
                 provider ? IsSolvable(*provider, wtx.tx->vout[i].scriptPubKey)
                          : false;
             bool spendable =
                 ((mine & ISMINE_SPENDABLE) != ISMINE_NO) ||
                 (((mine & ISMINE_WATCH_ONLY) != ISMINE_NO) &&
                  (coinControl && coinControl->fAllowWatchOnly && solvable));
 
             vCoins.push_back(
                 COutput(&wtx, i, nDepth, spendable, solvable, safeTx,
                         (coinControl && coinControl->fAllowWatchOnly)));
 
             // Checks the sum amount of all UTXO's.
             if (nMinimumSumAmount != MAX_MONEY) {
                 nTotal += wtx.tx->vout[i].nValue;
 
                 if (nTotal >= nMinimumSumAmount) {
                     return;
                 }
             }
 
             // Checks the maximum number of UTXO's.
             if (nMaximumCount > 0 && vCoins.size() >= nMaximumCount) {
                 return;
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 std::map<CTxDestination, std::vector<COutput>> CWallet::ListCoins() const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
 
     std::map<CTxDestination, std::vector<COutput>> result;
     std::vector<COutput> availableCoins;
 
     AvailableCoins(availableCoins);
 
     for (const auto &coin : availableCoins) {
         CTxDestination address;
         if ((coin.fSpendable ||
              (IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS) &&
               coin.fSolvable)) &&
             ExtractDestination(
                 FindNonChangeParentOutput(*coin.tx->tx, coin.i).scriptPubKey,
                 address)) {
             result[address].emplace_back(std::move(coin));
         }
     }
 
     std::vector<COutPoint> lockedCoins;
     ListLockedCoins(lockedCoins);
     // Include watch-only for LegacyScriptPubKeyMan wallets without private keys
     const bool include_watch_only =
         GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan() &&
         IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS);
     const isminetype is_mine_filter =
         include_watch_only ? ISMINE_WATCH_ONLY : ISMINE_SPENDABLE;
     for (const auto &output : lockedCoins) {
         auto it = mapWallet.find(output.GetTxId());
         if (it != mapWallet.end()) {
             int depth = it->second.GetDepthInMainChain();
             if (depth >= 0 && output.GetN() < it->second.tx->vout.size() &&
                 IsMine(it->second.tx->vout[output.GetN()]) == is_mine_filter) {
                 CTxDestination address;
                 if (ExtractDestination(
                         FindNonChangeParentOutput(*it->second.tx, output.GetN())
                             .scriptPubKey,
                         address)) {
                     result[address].emplace_back(
                         &it->second, output.GetN(), depth, true /* spendable */,
                         true /* solvable */, false /* safe */);
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 const CTxOut &CWallet::FindNonChangeParentOutput(const CTransaction &tx,
                                                  int output) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     const CTransaction *ptx = &tx;
     int n = output;
     while (IsChange(ptx->vout[n]) && ptx->vin.size() > 0) {
         const COutPoint &prevout = ptx->vin[0].prevout;
         auto it = mapWallet.find(prevout.GetTxId());
         if (it == mapWallet.end() ||
             it->second.tx->vout.size() <= prevout.GetN() ||
             !IsMine(it->second.tx->vout[prevout.GetN()])) {
             break;
         }
         ptx = it->second.tx.get();
         n = prevout.GetN();
     }
     return ptx->vout[n];
 }
 
 bool CWallet::SelectCoinsMinConf(
     const Amount nTargetValue, const CoinEligibilityFilter &eligibility_filter,
     std::vector<OutputGroup> groups, std::set<CInputCoin> &setCoinsRet,
     Amount &nValueRet, const CoinSelectionParams &coin_selection_params,
     bool &bnb_used) const {
     setCoinsRet.clear();
     nValueRet = Amount::zero();
 
     std::vector<OutputGroup> utxo_pool;
     if (coin_selection_params.use_bnb) {
         // Get long term estimate
         CCoinControl temp;
         temp.m_confirm_target = 1008;
         CFeeRate long_term_feerate = GetMinimumFeeRate(*this, temp);
 
         // Calculate cost of change
         Amount cost_of_change = chain().relayDustFee().GetFee(
                                     coin_selection_params.change_spend_size) +
                                 coin_selection_params.effective_fee.GetFee(
                                     coin_selection_params.change_output_size);
 
         // Filter by the min conf specs and add to utxo_pool and calculate
         // effective value
         for (OutputGroup &group : groups) {
             if (!group.EligibleForSpending(eligibility_filter)) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (coin_selection_params.m_subtract_fee_outputs) {
                 // Set the effective feerate to 0 as we don't want to use the
                 // effective value since the fees will be deducted from the
                 // output
                 group.SetFees(CFeeRate(Amount::zero()) /* effective_feerate */,
                               long_term_feerate);
             } else {
                 group.SetFees(coin_selection_params.effective_fee,
                               long_term_feerate);
             }
 
             OutputGroup pos_group = group.GetPositiveOnlyGroup();
             if (pos_group.effective_value > Amount::zero()) {
                 utxo_pool.push_back(pos_group);
             }
         }
         // Calculate the fees for things that aren't inputs
         Amount not_input_fees = coin_selection_params.effective_fee.GetFee(
             coin_selection_params.tx_noinputs_size);
         bnb_used = true;
         return SelectCoinsBnB(utxo_pool, nTargetValue, cost_of_change,
                               setCoinsRet, nValueRet, not_input_fees);
     } else {
         // Filter by the min conf specs and add to utxo_pool
         for (const OutputGroup &group : groups) {
             if (!group.EligibleForSpending(eligibility_filter)) {
                 continue;
             }
             utxo_pool.push_back(group);
         }
         bnb_used = false;
         return KnapsackSolver(nTargetValue, utxo_pool, setCoinsRet, nValueRet);
     }
 }
 
 bool CWallet::SelectCoins(const std::vector<COutput> &vAvailableCoins,
                           const Amount nTargetValue,
                           std::set<CInputCoin> &setCoinsRet, Amount &nValueRet,
                           const CCoinControl &coin_control,
                           CoinSelectionParams &coin_selection_params,
                           bool &bnb_used) const {
     std::vector<COutput> vCoins(vAvailableCoins);
     Amount value_to_select = nTargetValue;
 
     // Default to bnb was not used. If we use it, we set it later
     bnb_used = false;
 
     // coin control -> return all selected outputs (we want all selected to go
     // into the transaction for sure)
     if (coin_control.HasSelected() && !coin_control.fAllowOtherInputs) {
         for (const COutput &out : vCoins) {
             if (!out.fSpendable) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             nValueRet += out.tx->tx->vout[out.i].nValue;
             setCoinsRet.insert(out.GetInputCoin());
         }
 
         return (nValueRet >= nTargetValue);
     }
 
     // Calculate value from preset inputs and store them.
     std::set<CInputCoin> setPresetCoins;
     Amount nValueFromPresetInputs = Amount::zero();
 
     std::vector<COutPoint> vPresetInputs;
     coin_control.ListSelected(vPresetInputs);
 
     for (const COutPoint &outpoint : vPresetInputs) {
         std::map<TxId, CWalletTx>::const_iterator it =
             mapWallet.find(outpoint.GetTxId());
         if (it != mapWallet.end()) {
             const CWalletTx &wtx = it->second;
             // Clearly invalid input, fail
             if (wtx.tx->vout.size() <= outpoint.GetN()) {
                 return false;
             }
             // Just to calculate the marginal byte size
             CInputCoin coin(wtx.tx, outpoint.GetN(),
                             wtx.GetSpendSize(outpoint.GetN(), false));
             nValueFromPresetInputs += coin.txout.nValue;
             if (coin.m_input_bytes <= 0) {
                 // Not solvable, can't estimate size for fee
                 return false;
             }
             coin.effective_value =
                 coin.txout.nValue -
                 coin_selection_params.effective_fee.GetFee(coin.m_input_bytes);
             if (coin_selection_params.use_bnb) {
                 value_to_select -= coin.effective_value;
             } else {
                 value_to_select -= coin.txout.nValue;
             }
             setPresetCoins.insert(coin);
         } else {
             return false; // TODO: Allow non-wallet inputs
         }
     }
 
     // Remove preset inputs from vCoins
     for (std::vector<COutput>::iterator it = vCoins.begin();
          it != vCoins.end() && coin_control.HasSelected();) {
         if (setPresetCoins.count(it->GetInputCoin())) {
             it = vCoins.erase(it);
         } else {
             ++it;
         }
     }
 
     size_t max_ancestors{0};
     size_t max_descendants{0};
     chain().getPackageLimits(max_ancestors, max_descendants);
     bool fRejectLongChains = gArgs.GetBoolArg(
         "-walletrejectlongchains", DEFAULT_WALLET_REJECT_LONG_CHAINS);
 
     // form groups from remaining coins; note that preset coins will not
     // automatically have their associated (same address) coins included
     if (coin_control.m_avoid_partial_spends &&
         vCoins.size() > OUTPUT_GROUP_MAX_ENTRIES) {
         // Cases where we have 11+ outputs all pointing to the same destination
         // may result in privacy leaks as they will potentially be
         // deterministically sorted. We solve that by explicitly shuffling the
         // outputs before processing
         Shuffle(vCoins.begin(), vCoins.end(), FastRandomContext());
     }
 
     std::vector<OutputGroup> groups = GroupOutputs(
         vCoins, !coin_control.m_avoid_partial_spends, max_ancestors);
 
     bool res =
         value_to_select <= Amount::zero() ||
         SelectCoinsMinConf(value_to_select, CoinEligibilityFilter(1, 6, 0),
                            groups, setCoinsRet, nValueRet,
                            coin_selection_params, bnb_used) ||
         SelectCoinsMinConf(value_to_select, CoinEligibilityFilter(1, 1, 0),
                            groups, setCoinsRet, nValueRet,
                            coin_selection_params, bnb_used) ||
         (m_spend_zero_conf_change &&
          SelectCoinsMinConf(value_to_select, CoinEligibilityFilter(0, 1, 2),
                             groups, setCoinsRet, nValueRet,
                             coin_selection_params, bnb_used)) ||
         (m_spend_zero_conf_change &&
          SelectCoinsMinConf(
              value_to_select,
              CoinEligibilityFilter(0, 1, std::min((size_t)4, max_ancestors / 3),
                                    std::min((size_t)4, max_descendants / 3)),
              groups, setCoinsRet, nValueRet, coin_selection_params,
              bnb_used)) ||
         (m_spend_zero_conf_change &&
          SelectCoinsMinConf(value_to_select,
                             CoinEligibilityFilter(0, 1, max_ancestors / 2,
                                                   max_descendants / 2),
                             groups, setCoinsRet, nValueRet,
                             coin_selection_params, bnb_used)) ||
         (m_spend_zero_conf_change &&
          SelectCoinsMinConf(value_to_select,
                             CoinEligibilityFilter(0, 1, max_ancestors - 1,
                                                   max_descendants - 1),
                             groups, setCoinsRet, nValueRet,
                             coin_selection_params, bnb_used)) ||
         (m_spend_zero_conf_change && !fRejectLongChains &&
          SelectCoinsMinConf(
              value_to_select,
              CoinEligibilityFilter(0, 1, std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()),
              groups, setCoinsRet, nValueRet, coin_selection_params, bnb_used));
 
     // Because SelectCoinsMinConf clears the setCoinsRet, we now add the
     // possible inputs to the coinset.
     util::insert(setCoinsRet, setPresetCoins);
 
     // Add preset inputs to the total value selected.
     nValueRet += nValueFromPresetInputs;
 
     return res;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction &tx) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
 
     // Build coins map
     std::map<COutPoint, Coin> coins;
     for (auto &input : tx.vin) {
         auto mi = mapWallet.find(input.prevout.GetTxId());
         if (mi == mapWallet.end() ||
             input.prevout.GetN() >= mi->second.tx->vout.size()) {
             return false;
         }
         const CWalletTx &wtx = mi->second;
         coins[input.prevout] =
             Coin(wtx.tx->vout[input.prevout.GetN()], wtx.m_confirm.block_height,
                  wtx.IsCoinBase());
     }
     std::map<int, std::string> input_errors;
     return SignTransaction(tx, coins, SigHashType().withForkId(), input_errors);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::SignTransaction(CMutableTransaction &tx,
                               const std::map<COutPoint, Coin> &coins,
                               SigHashType sighash,
                               std::map<int, std::string> &input_errors) const {
     // Try to sign with all ScriptPubKeyMans
     for (ScriptPubKeyMan *spk_man : GetAllScriptPubKeyMans()) {
         // spk_man->SignTransaction will return true if the transaction is
         // complete, so we can exit early and return true if that happens
         if (spk_man->SignTransaction(tx, coins, sighash, input_errors)) {
             return true;
         }
     }
 
     // At this point, one input was not fully signed otherwise we would have
     // exited already
 
     // When there are no available providers for the remaining inputs, use the
     // legacy provider so we can get proper error messages.
     auto legacy_spk_man = GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
     if (legacy_spk_man &&
         legacy_spk_man->SignTransaction(tx, coins, sighash, input_errors)) {
         return true;
     }
 
     return false;
 }
 
 TransactionError CWallet::FillPSBT(PartiallySignedTransaction &psbtx,
                                    bool &complete, SigHashType sighash_type,
                                    bool sign, bool bip32derivs) const {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     // Get all of the previous transactions
     for (size_t i = 0; i < psbtx.tx->vin.size(); ++i) {
         const CTxIn &txin = psbtx.tx->vin[i];
         PSBTInput &input = psbtx.inputs.at(i);
 
         if (PSBTInputSigned(input)) {
             continue;
         }
 
         // If we have no utxo, grab it from the wallet.
         if (input.utxo.IsNull()) {
             const TxId &txid = txin.prevout.GetTxId();
             const auto it = mapWallet.find(txid);
             if (it != mapWallet.end()) {
                 const CWalletTx &wtx = it->second;
                 CTxOut utxo = wtx.tx->vout[txin.prevout.GetN()];
                 // Update UTXOs from the wallet.
                 input.utxo = utxo;
             }
         }
     }
 
     // Fill in information from ScriptPubKeyMans
     for (ScriptPubKeyMan *spk_man : GetAllScriptPubKeyMans()) {
         TransactionError res =
             spk_man->FillPSBT(psbtx, sighash_type, sign, bip32derivs);
         if (res != TransactionError::OK) {
             return res;
         }
     }
 
     // Complete if every input is now signed
     complete = true;
     for (const auto &input : psbtx.inputs) {
         complete &= PSBTInputSigned(input);
     }
 
     return TransactionError::OK;
 }
 
 SigningResult CWallet::SignMessage(const std::string &message,
                                    const PKHash &pkhash,
                                    std::string &str_sig) const {
     SignatureData sigdata;
     CScript script_pub_key = GetScriptForDestination(pkhash);
     for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
         if (spk_man_pair.second->CanProvide(script_pub_key, sigdata)) {
             return spk_man_pair.second->SignMessage(message, pkhash, str_sig);
         }
     }
     return SigningResult::PRIVATE_KEY_NOT_AVAILABLE;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::FundTransaction(CMutableTransaction &tx, Amount &nFeeRet,
                               int &nChangePosInOut, bilingual_str &error,
                               bool lockUnspents,
                               const std::set<int> &setSubtractFeeFromOutputs,
                               CCoinControl coinControl) {
     std::vector<CRecipient> vecSend;
 
     // Turn the txout set into a CRecipient vector.
     for (size_t idx = 0; idx < tx.vout.size(); idx++) {
         const CTxOut &txOut = tx.vout[idx];
         CRecipient recipient = {txOut.scriptPubKey, txOut.nValue,
                                 setSubtractFeeFromOutputs.count(idx) == 1};
         vecSend.push_back(recipient);
     }
 
     coinControl.fAllowOtherInputs = true;
 
     for (const CTxIn &txin : tx.vin) {
         coinControl.Select(txin.prevout);
     }
 
     // Acquire the locks to prevent races to the new locked unspents between the
     // CreateTransaction call and LockCoin calls (when lockUnspents is true).
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     CTransactionRef tx_new;
     if (!CreateTransaction(vecSend, tx_new, nFeeRet, nChangePosInOut, error,
                            coinControl, false)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     if (nChangePosInOut != -1) {
         tx.vout.insert(tx.vout.begin() + nChangePosInOut,
                        tx_new->vout[nChangePosInOut]);
     }
 
     // Copy output sizes from new transaction; they may have had the fee
     // subtracted from them.
     for (size_t idx = 0; idx < tx.vout.size(); idx++) {
         tx.vout[idx].nValue = tx_new->vout[idx].nValue;
     }
 
     // Add new txins (keeping original txin scriptSig/order)
     for (const CTxIn &txin : tx_new->vin) {
         if (!coinControl.IsSelected(txin.prevout)) {
             tx.vin.push_back(txin);
         }
         if (lockUnspents) {
             LockCoin(txin.prevout);
         }
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
 static bool IsCurrentForAntiFeeSniping(interfaces::Chain &chain,
                                        const BlockHash &block_hash) {
     if (chain.isInitialBlockDownload()) {
         return false;
     }
 
     // in seconds
     constexpr int64_t MAX_ANTI_FEE_SNIPING_TIP_AGE = 8 * 60 * 60;
     int64_t block_time;
     CHECK_NONFATAL(chain.findBlock(block_hash, FoundBlock().time(block_time)));
     if (block_time < (GetTime() - MAX_ANTI_FEE_SNIPING_TIP_AGE)) {
         return false;
     }
     return true;
 }
 
 /**
  * Return a height-based locktime for new transactions (uses the height of the
  * current chain tip unless we are not synced with the current chain
  */
 static uint32_t GetLocktimeForNewTransaction(interfaces::Chain &chain,
                                              const BlockHash &block_hash,
                                              int block_height) {
     uint32_t locktime;
     // Discourage fee sniping.
     //
     // For a large miner the value of the transactions in the best block and
     // the mempool can exceed the cost of deliberately attempting to mine two
     // blocks to orphan the current best block. By setting nLockTime such that
     // only the next block can include the transaction, we discourage this
     // practice as the height restricted and limited blocksize gives miners
     // considering fee sniping fewer options for pulling off this attack.
     //
     // A simple way to think about this is from the wallet's point of view we
     // always want the blockchain to move forward. By setting nLockTime this
     // way we're basically making the statement that we only want this
     // transaction to appear in the next block; we don't want to potentially
     // encourage reorgs by allowing transactions to appear at lower heights
     // than the next block in forks of the best chain.
     //
     // Of course, the subsidy is high enough, and transaction volume low
     // enough, that fee sniping isn't a problem yet, but by implementing a fix
     // now we ensure code won't be written that makes assumptions about
     // nLockTime that preclude a fix later.
     if (IsCurrentForAntiFeeSniping(chain, block_hash)) {
         locktime = block_height;
 
         // Secondly occasionally randomly pick a nLockTime even further back, so
         // that transactions that are delayed after signing for whatever reason,
         // e.g. high-latency mix networks and some CoinJoin implementations,
         // have better privacy.
         if (GetRandInt(10) == 0) {
             locktime = std::max(0, int(locktime) - GetRandInt(100));
         }
     } else {
         // If our chain is lagging behind, we can't discourage fee sniping nor
         // help the privacy of high-latency transactions. To avoid leaking a
         // potentially unique "nLockTime fingerprint", set nLockTime to a
         // constant.
         locktime = 0;
     }
     assert(locktime < LOCKTIME_THRESHOLD);
     return locktime;
 }
 
 OutputType
 CWallet::TransactionChangeType(const std::optional<OutputType> &change_type,
                                const std::vector<CRecipient> &vecSend) {
     // If -changetype is specified, always use that change type.
     if (change_type) {
         return *change_type;
     }
 
     // if m_default_address_type is legacy, use legacy address as change.
     if (m_default_address_type == OutputType::LEGACY) {
         return OutputType::LEGACY;
     }
 
     // else use m_default_address_type for change
     return m_default_address_type;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::CreateTransactionInternal(const std::vector<CRecipient> &vecSend,
                                         CTransactionRef &tx, Amount &nFeeRet,
                                         int &nChangePosInOut,
                                         bilingual_str &error,
                                         const CCoinControl &coin_control,
                                         bool sign) {
     Amount nValue = Amount::zero();
     const OutputType change_type = TransactionChangeType(
         coin_control.m_change_type ? *coin_control.m_change_type
                                    : m_default_change_type,
         vecSend);
     ReserveDestination reservedest(this, change_type);
     int nChangePosRequest = nChangePosInOut;
     unsigned int nSubtractFeeFromAmount = 0;
     for (const auto &recipient : vecSend) {
         if (nValue < Amount::zero() || recipient.nAmount < Amount::zero()) {
             error = _("Transaction amounts must not be negative");
             return false;
         }
 
         nValue += recipient.nAmount;
 
         if (recipient.fSubtractFeeFromAmount) {
             nSubtractFeeFromAmount++;
         }
     }
 
     if (vecSend.empty()) {
         error = _("Transaction must have at least one recipient");
         return false;
     }
 
     CMutableTransaction txNew;
 
     {
         std::set<CInputCoin> setCoins;
         LOCK(cs_wallet);
         txNew.nLockTime = GetLocktimeForNewTransaction(
             chain(), GetLastBlockHash(), GetLastBlockHeight());
         std::vector<COutput> vAvailableCoins;
         AvailableCoins(vAvailableCoins, true, &coin_control);
         // Parameters for coin selection, init with dummy
         CoinSelectionParams coin_selection_params;
 
         // Create change script that will be used if we need change
         // TODO: pass in scriptChange instead of reservedest so
         // change transaction isn't always pay-to-bitcoin-address
         CScript scriptChange;
 
         // coin control: send change to custom address
         if (!boost::get<CNoDestination>(&coin_control.destChange)) {
             scriptChange = GetScriptForDestination(coin_control.destChange);
 
             // no coin control: send change to newly generated address
         } else {
             // Note: We use a new key here to keep it from being obvious
             // which side is the change.
             //  The drawback is that by not reusing a previous key, the
             //  change may be lost if a backup is restored, if the backup
             //  doesn't have the new private key for the change. If we
             //  reused the old key, it would be possible to add code to look
             //  for and rediscover unknown transactions that were written
             //  with keys of ours to recover post-backup change.
 
             // Reserve a new key pair from key pool. If it fails, provide a
             // dummy destination in case we don't need change.
             CTxDestination dest;
             if (!reservedest.GetReservedDestination(dest, true)) {
                 error = _("Transaction needs a change address, but we can't "
                           "generate it. Please call keypoolrefill first.");
             }
 
             scriptChange = GetScriptForDestination(dest);
             // A valid destination implies a change script (and
             // vice-versa). An empty change script will abort later, if the
             // change keypool ran out, but change is required.
             CHECK_NONFATAL(IsValidDestination(dest) != scriptChange.empty());
         }
         CTxOut change_prototype_txout(Amount::zero(), scriptChange);
         coin_selection_params.change_output_size =
             GetSerializeSize(change_prototype_txout);
 
         // Get the fee rate to use effective values in coin selection
         CFeeRate nFeeRateNeeded = GetMinimumFeeRate(*this, coin_control);
         // Do not, ever, assume that it's fine to change the fee rate if the
         // user has explicitly provided one
         if (coin_control.m_feerate &&
             nFeeRateNeeded > *coin_control.m_feerate) {
             error = strprintf(_("Fee rate (%s) is lower than the minimum fee "
                                 "rate setting (%s)"),
                               coin_control.m_feerate->ToString(),
                               nFeeRateNeeded.ToString());
             return false;
         }
 
         nFeeRet = Amount::zero();
         bool pick_new_inputs = true;
         Amount nValueIn = Amount::zero();
 
         // BnB selector is the only selector used when this is true.
         // That should only happen on the first pass through the loop.
         coin_selection_params.use_bnb = true;
         // If we are doing subtract fee from recipient, don't use effective
         // values
         coin_selection_params.m_subtract_fee_outputs =
             nSubtractFeeFromAmount != 0;
         // Start with no fee and loop until there is enough fee
         while (true) {
             nChangePosInOut = nChangePosRequest;
             txNew.vin.clear();
             txNew.vout.clear();
             bool fFirst = true;
 
             Amount nValueToSelect = nValue;
             if (nSubtractFeeFromAmount == 0) {
                 nValueToSelect += nFeeRet;
             }
 
             // vouts to the payees
             if (!coin_selection_params.m_subtract_fee_outputs) {
                 // Static size overhead + outputs vsize. 4 nVersion, 4
                 // nLocktime, 1 input count, 1 output count
                 coin_selection_params.tx_noinputs_size = 10;
             }
             // vouts to the payees
             for (const auto &recipient : vecSend) {
                 CTxOut txout(recipient.nAmount, recipient.scriptPubKey);
 
                 if (recipient.fSubtractFeeFromAmount) {
                     assert(nSubtractFeeFromAmount != 0);
                     // Subtract fee equally from each selected recipient.
                     txout.nValue -= nFeeRet / int(nSubtractFeeFromAmount);
 
                     // First receiver pays the remainder not divisible by output
                     // count.
                     if (fFirst) {
                         fFirst = false;
                         txout.nValue -= nFeeRet % int(nSubtractFeeFromAmount);
                     }
                 }
 
                 // Include the fee cost for outputs. Note this is only used for
                 // BnB right now
                 if (!coin_selection_params.m_subtract_fee_outputs) {
                     coin_selection_params.tx_noinputs_size +=
                         ::GetSerializeSize(txout, PROTOCOL_VERSION);
                 }
 
                 if (IsDust(txout, chain().relayDustFee())) {
                     if (recipient.fSubtractFeeFromAmount &&
                         nFeeRet > Amount::zero()) {
                         if (txout.nValue < Amount::zero()) {
                             error = _("The transaction amount is too small to "
                                       "pay the fee");
                         } else {
                             error = _("The transaction amount is too small to "
                                       "send after the fee has been deducted");
                         }
                     } else {
                         error = _("Transaction amount too small");
                     }
 
                     return false;
                 }
 
                 txNew.vout.push_back(txout);
             }
 
             // Choose coins to use
             bool bnb_used = false;
             if (pick_new_inputs) {
                 nValueIn = Amount::zero();
                 setCoins.clear();
                 int change_spend_size = CalculateMaximumSignedInputSize(
                     change_prototype_txout, this);
                 // If the wallet doesn't know how to sign change output, assume
                 // p2pkh as lower-bound to allow BnB to do it's thing
                 if (change_spend_size == -1) {
                     coin_selection_params.change_spend_size =
                         DUMMY_P2PKH_INPUT_SIZE;
                 } else {
                     coin_selection_params.change_spend_size =
                         size_t(change_spend_size);
                 }
                 coin_selection_params.effective_fee = nFeeRateNeeded;
                 if (!SelectCoins(vAvailableCoins, nValueToSelect, setCoins,
                                  nValueIn, coin_control, coin_selection_params,
                                  bnb_used)) {
                     // If BnB was used, it was the first pass. No longer the
                     // first pass and continue loop with knapsack.
                     if (bnb_used) {
                         coin_selection_params.use_bnb = false;
                         continue;
                     } else {
                         error = _("Insufficient funds");
                         return false;
                     }
                 }
             } else {
                 bnb_used = false;
             }
 
             const Amount nChange = nValueIn - nValueToSelect;
             if (nChange > Amount::zero()) {
                 // Fill a vout to ourself.
                 CTxOut newTxOut(nChange, scriptChange);
 
                 // Never create dust outputs; if we would, just add the dust to
                 // the fee.
                 // The nChange when BnB is used is always going to go to fees.
                 if (IsDust(newTxOut, chain().relayDustFee()) || bnb_used) {
                     nChangePosInOut = -1;
                     nFeeRet += nChange;
                 } else {
                     if (nChangePosInOut == -1) {
                         // Insert change txn at random position:
                         nChangePosInOut = GetRandInt(txNew.vout.size() + 1);
                     } else if ((unsigned int)nChangePosInOut >
                                txNew.vout.size()) {
                         error = _("Change index out of range");
                         return false;
                     }
 
                     std::vector<CTxOut>::iterator position =
                         txNew.vout.begin() + nChangePosInOut;
                     txNew.vout.insert(position, newTxOut);
                 }
             } else {
                 nChangePosInOut = -1;
             }
 
             // Dummy fill vin for maximum size estimation
             //
             for (const auto &coin : setCoins) {
                 txNew.vin.push_back(CTxIn(coin.outpoint, CScript()));
             }
 
             CTransaction txNewConst(txNew);
             int nBytes = CalculateMaximumSignedTxSize(
                 txNewConst, this, coin_control.fAllowWatchOnly);
             if (nBytes < 0) {
                 error = _("Signing transaction failed");
                 return false;
             }
 
             Amount nFeeNeeded = GetMinimumFee(*this, nBytes, coin_control);
 
             if (nFeeRet >= nFeeNeeded) {
                 // Reduce fee to only the needed amount if possible. This
                 // prevents potential overpayment in fees if the coins selected
                 // to meet nFeeNeeded result in a transaction that requires less
                 // fee than the prior iteration.
 
                 // If we have no change and a big enough excess fee, then try to
                 // construct transaction again only without picking new inputs.
                 // We now know we only need the smaller fee (because of reduced
                 // tx size) and so we should add a change output. Only try this
                 // once.
                 if (nChangePosInOut == -1 && nSubtractFeeFromAmount == 0 &&
                     pick_new_inputs) {
                     // Add 2 as a buffer in case increasing # of outputs changes
                     // compact size
                     unsigned int tx_size_with_change =
                         nBytes + coin_selection_params.change_output_size + 2;
                     Amount fee_needed_with_change =
                         GetMinimumFee(*this, tx_size_with_change, coin_control);
                     Amount minimum_value_for_change = GetDustThreshold(
                         change_prototype_txout, chain().relayDustFee());
                     if (nFeeRet >=
                         fee_needed_with_change + minimum_value_for_change) {
                         pick_new_inputs = false;
                         nFeeRet = fee_needed_with_change;
                         continue;
                     }
                 }
 
                 // If we have change output already, just increase it
                 if (nFeeRet > nFeeNeeded && nChangePosInOut != -1 &&
                     nSubtractFeeFromAmount == 0) {
                     Amount extraFeePaid = nFeeRet - nFeeNeeded;
                     std::vector<CTxOut>::iterator change_position =
                         txNew.vout.begin() + nChangePosInOut;
                     change_position->nValue += extraFeePaid;
                     nFeeRet -= extraFeePaid;
                 }
 
                 // Done, enough fee included.
                 break;
             } else if (!pick_new_inputs) {
                 // This shouldn't happen, we should have had enough excess fee
                 // to pay for the new output and still meet nFeeNeeded.
                 // Or we should have just subtracted fee from recipients and
                 // nFeeNeeded should not have changed.
                 error = _("Transaction fee and change calculation failed");
                 return false;
             }
 
             // Try to reduce change to include necessary fee.
             if (nChangePosInOut != -1 && nSubtractFeeFromAmount == 0) {
                 Amount additionalFeeNeeded = nFeeNeeded - nFeeRet;
                 std::vector<CTxOut>::iterator change_position =
                     txNew.vout.begin() + nChangePosInOut;
                 // Only reduce change if remaining amount is still a large
                 // enough output.
                 if (change_position->nValue >=
                     MIN_FINAL_CHANGE + additionalFeeNeeded) {
                     change_position->nValue -= additionalFeeNeeded;
                     nFeeRet += additionalFeeNeeded;
                     // Done, able to increase fee from change.
                     break;
                 }
             }
 
             // If subtracting fee from recipients, we now know what fee we
             // need to subtract, we have no reason to reselect inputs.
             if (nSubtractFeeFromAmount > 0) {
                 pick_new_inputs = false;
             }
 
             // Include more fee and try again.
             nFeeRet = nFeeNeeded;
             coin_selection_params.use_bnb = false;
             continue;
         }
 
         // Give up if change keypool ran out and change is required
         if (scriptChange.empty() && nChangePosInOut != -1) {
             return false;
         }
 
         // Shuffle selected coins and fill in final vin
         txNew.vin.clear();
         std::vector<CInputCoin> selected_coins(setCoins.begin(),
                                                setCoins.end());
         Shuffle(selected_coins.begin(), selected_coins.end(),
                 FastRandomContext());
 
         // Note how the sequence number is set to non-maxint so that
         // the nLockTime set above actually works.
         for (const auto &coin : selected_coins) {
             txNew.vin.push_back(
                 CTxIn(coin.outpoint, CScript(),
                       std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max() - 1));
         }
 
         if (sign && !SignTransaction(txNew)) {
             error = _("Signing transaction failed");
             return false;
         }
 
         // Return the constructed transaction data.
         tx = MakeTransactionRef(std::move(txNew));
 
         // Limit size.
         if (tx->GetTotalSize() > MAX_STANDARD_TX_SIZE) {
             error = _("Transaction too large");
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     if (nFeeRet > m_default_max_tx_fee) {
         error = TransactionErrorString(TransactionError::MAX_FEE_EXCEEDED);
         return false;
     }
 
     if (gArgs.GetBoolArg("-walletrejectlongchains",
                          DEFAULT_WALLET_REJECT_LONG_CHAINS)) {
         // Lastly, ensure this tx will pass the mempool's chain limits
         if (!chain().checkChainLimits(tx)) {
             error = _("Transaction has too long of a mempool chain");
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     // Before we return success, we assume any change key will be used to
     // prevent accidental re-use.
     reservedest.KeepDestination();
 
     return true;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::CreateTransaction(const std::vector<CRecipient> &vecSend,
                                 CTransactionRef &tx, Amount &nFeeRet,
                                 int &nChangePosInOut, bilingual_str &error,
                                 const CCoinControl &coin_control, bool sign) {
     int nChangePosIn = nChangePosInOut;
     CTransactionRef tx2 = tx;
     bool res = CreateTransactionInternal(vecSend, tx, nFeeRet, nChangePosInOut,
                                          error, coin_control, sign);
     // try with avoidpartialspends unless it's enabled already
     if (res &&
         nFeeRet >
             Amount::zero() /* 0 means non-functional fee rate estimation */
         && m_max_aps_fee > (-1 * SATOSHI) &&
         !coin_control.m_avoid_partial_spends) {
         CCoinControl tmp_cc = coin_control;
         tmp_cc.m_avoid_partial_spends = true;
         Amount nFeeRet2;
         int nChangePosInOut2 = nChangePosIn;
         // fired and forgotten; if an error occurs, we discard the results
         bilingual_str error2;
         if (CreateTransactionInternal(vecSend, tx2, nFeeRet2, nChangePosInOut2,
                                       error2, tmp_cc, sign)) {
             // if fee of this alternative one is within the range of the max
             // fee, we use this one
             const bool use_aps = nFeeRet2 <= nFeeRet + m_max_aps_fee;
             WalletLogPrintf(
                 "Fee non-grouped = %lld, grouped = %lld, using %s\n", nFeeRet,
                 nFeeRet2, use_aps ? "grouped" : "non-grouped");
             if (use_aps) {
                 tx = tx2;
                 nFeeRet = nFeeRet2;
                 nChangePosInOut = nChangePosInOut2;
             }
         }
     }
     return res;
 }
 
 void CWallet::CommitTransaction(
     CTransactionRef tx, mapValue_t mapValue,
     std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> orderForm) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     WalletLogPrintfToBeContinued("CommitTransaction:\n%s", tx->ToString());
 
     // Add tx to wallet, because if it has change it's also ours, otherwise just
     // for transaction history.
     AddToWallet(tx, {}, [&](CWalletTx &wtx, bool new_tx) {
         CHECK_NONFATAL(wtx.mapValue.empty());
         CHECK_NONFATAL(wtx.vOrderForm.empty());
         wtx.mapValue = std::move(mapValue);
         wtx.vOrderForm = std::move(orderForm);
         wtx.fTimeReceivedIsTxTime = true;
         wtx.fFromMe = true;
         return true;
     });
 
     // Notify that old coins are spent.
     for (const CTxIn &txin : tx->vin) {
         CWalletTx &coin = mapWallet.at(txin.prevout.GetTxId());
         coin.MarkDirty();
         NotifyTransactionChanged(this, coin.GetId(), CT_UPDATED);
     }
 
     // Get the inserted-CWalletTx from mapWallet so that the
     // fInMempool flag is cached properly
     CWalletTx &wtx = mapWallet.at(tx->GetId());
 
     if (!fBroadcastTransactions) {
         // Don't submit tx to the mempool
         return;
     }
 
     std::string err_string;
     if (!wtx.SubmitMemoryPoolAndRelay(err_string, true)) {
         WalletLogPrintf("CommitTransaction(): Transaction cannot be broadcast "
                         "immediately, %s\n",
                         err_string);
         // TODO: if we expect the failure to be long term or permanent, instead
         // delete wtx from the wallet and return failure.
     }
 }
 
 DBErrors CWallet::LoadWallet(bool &fFirstRunRet) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     fFirstRunRet = false;
-    DBErrors nLoadWalletRet = WalletBatch(*database, "cr+").LoadWallet(this);
+    DBErrors nLoadWalletRet = WalletBatch(*database).LoadWallet(this);
     if (nLoadWalletRet == DBErrors::NEED_REWRITE) {
         if (database->Rewrite("\x04pool")) {
             for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
                 spk_man_pair.second->RewriteDB();
             }
         }
     }
 
     // This wallet is in its first run if there are no ScriptPubKeyMans and it
     // isn't blank or no privkeys
     fFirstRunRet = m_spk_managers.empty() &&
                    !IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS) &&
                    !IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_BLANK_WALLET);
     if (fFirstRunRet) {
         assert(m_external_spk_managers.empty());
         assert(m_internal_spk_managers.empty());
     }
 
     if (nLoadWalletRet != DBErrors::LOAD_OK) {
         return nLoadWalletRet;
     }
 
     return DBErrors::LOAD_OK;
 }
 
 DBErrors CWallet::ZapSelectTx(std::vector<TxId> &txIdsIn,
                               std::vector<TxId> &txIdsOut) {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     DBErrors nZapSelectTxRet =
-        WalletBatch(*database, "cr+").ZapSelectTx(txIdsIn, txIdsOut);
+        WalletBatch(*database).ZapSelectTx(txIdsIn, txIdsOut);
     for (const TxId &txid : txIdsOut) {
         const auto &it = mapWallet.find(txid);
         wtxOrdered.erase(it->second.m_it_wtxOrdered);
         for (const auto &txin : it->second.tx->vin) {
             mapTxSpends.erase(txin.prevout);
         }
         mapWallet.erase(it);
         NotifyTransactionChanged(this, txid, CT_DELETED);
     }
 
     if (nZapSelectTxRet == DBErrors::NEED_REWRITE) {
         if (database->Rewrite("\x04pool")) {
             for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
                 spk_man_pair.second->RewriteDB();
             }
         }
     }
 
     if (nZapSelectTxRet != DBErrors::LOAD_OK) {
         return nZapSelectTxRet;
     }
 
     MarkDirty();
 
     return DBErrors::LOAD_OK;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::SetAddressBookWithDB(WalletBatch &batch,
                                    const CTxDestination &address,
                                    const std::string &strName,
                                    const std::string &strPurpose) {
     bool fUpdated = false;
     bool is_mine;
     {
         LOCK(cs_wallet);
         std::map<CTxDestination, CAddressBookData>::iterator mi =
             m_address_book.find(address);
         fUpdated = (mi != m_address_book.end() && !mi->second.IsChange());
         m_address_book[address].SetLabel(strName);
         // Update purpose only if requested.
         if (!strPurpose.empty()) {
             m_address_book[address].purpose = strPurpose;
         }
         is_mine = IsMine(address) != ISMINE_NO;
     }
 
     NotifyAddressBookChanged(this, address, strName, is_mine, strPurpose,
                              (fUpdated ? CT_UPDATED : CT_NEW));
     if (!strPurpose.empty() && !batch.WritePurpose(address, strPurpose)) {
         return false;
     }
     return batch.WriteName(address, strName);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::SetAddressBook(const CTxDestination &address,
                              const std::string &strName,
                              const std::string &strPurpose) {
     WalletBatch batch(*database);
     return SetAddressBookWithDB(batch, address, strName, strPurpose);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::DelAddressBook(const CTxDestination &address) {
     bool is_mine;
     WalletBatch batch(*database);
     {
         LOCK(cs_wallet);
         // If we want to delete receiving addresses, we need to take care that
         // DestData "used" (and possibly newer DestData) gets preserved (and the
         // "deleted" address transformed into a change entry instead of actually
         // being deleted)
         // NOTE: This isn't a problem for sending addresses because they never
         // have any DestData yet! When adding new DestData, it should be
         // considered here whether to retain or delete it (or move it?).
         if (IsMine(address)) {
             WalletLogPrintf(
                 "%s called with IsMine address, NOT SUPPORTED. Please "
                 "report this bug! %s\n",
                 __func__, PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
             return false;
         }
         // Delete destdata tuples associated with address
         for (const std::pair<const std::string, std::string> &item :
              m_address_book[address].destdata) {
             batch.EraseDestData(address, item.first);
         }
         m_address_book.erase(address);
         is_mine = IsMine(address) != ISMINE_NO;
     }
 
     NotifyAddressBookChanged(this, address, "", is_mine, "", CT_DELETED);
 
     batch.ErasePurpose(address);
     return batch.EraseName(address);
 }
 
 size_t CWallet::KeypoolCountExternalKeys() const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
 
     unsigned int count = 0;
     for (auto spk_man : GetActiveScriptPubKeyMans()) {
         count += spk_man->KeypoolCountExternalKeys();
     }
 
     return count;
 }
 
 unsigned int CWallet::GetKeyPoolSize() const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
 
     unsigned int count = 0;
     for (auto spk_man : GetActiveScriptPubKeyMans()) {
         count += spk_man->GetKeyPoolSize();
     }
     return count;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::TopUpKeyPool(unsigned int kpSize) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     bool res = true;
     for (auto spk_man : GetActiveScriptPubKeyMans()) {
         res &= spk_man->TopUp(kpSize);
     }
     return res;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::GetNewDestination(const OutputType type, const std::string label,
                                 CTxDestination &dest, std::string &error) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     error.clear();
     bool result = false;
     auto spk_man = GetScriptPubKeyMan(type, false /* internal */);
     if (spk_man) {
         spk_man->TopUp();
         result = spk_man->GetNewDestination(type, dest, error);
     } else {
         error = strprintf("Error: No %s addresses available.",
                           FormatOutputType(type));
     }
     if (result) {
         SetAddressBook(dest, label, "receive");
     }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::GetNewChangeDestination(const OutputType type,
                                       CTxDestination &dest,
                                       std::string &error) {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     error.clear();
 
     ReserveDestination reservedest(this, type);
     if (!reservedest.GetReservedDestination(dest, true)) {
         error = _("Error: Keypool ran out, please call keypoolrefill first")
                     .translated;
         return false;
     }
 
     reservedest.KeepDestination();
     return true;
 }
 
 int64_t CWallet::GetOldestKeyPoolTime() const {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     int64_t oldestKey = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
     for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
         oldestKey =
             std::min(oldestKey, spk_man_pair.second->GetOldestKeyPoolTime());
     }
     return oldestKey;
 }
 
 void CWallet::MarkDestinationsDirty(
     const std::set<CTxDestination> &destinations) {
     for (auto &entry : mapWallet) {
         CWalletTx &wtx = entry.second;
         if (wtx.m_is_cache_empty) {
             continue;
         }
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < wtx.tx->vout.size(); i++) {
             CTxDestination dst;
 
             if (ExtractDestination(wtx.tx->vout[i].scriptPubKey, dst) &&
                 destinations.count(dst)) {
                 wtx.MarkDirty();
                 break;
             }
         }
     }
 }
 
 std::map<CTxDestination, Amount> CWallet::GetAddressBalances() const {
     std::map<CTxDestination, Amount> balances;
 
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     std::set<TxId> trusted_parents;
     for (const auto &walletEntry : mapWallet) {
         const CWalletTx &wtx = walletEntry.second;
 
         if (!IsTrusted(wtx, trusted_parents)) {
             continue;
         }
 
         if (wtx.IsImmatureCoinBase()) {
             continue;
         }
 
         int nDepth = wtx.GetDepthInMainChain();
         if (nDepth < (wtx.IsFromMe(ISMINE_ALL) ? 0 : 1)) {
             continue;
         }
 
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < wtx.tx->vout.size(); i++) {
             CTxDestination addr;
             if (!IsMine(wtx.tx->vout[i])) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (!ExtractDestination(wtx.tx->vout[i].scriptPubKey, addr)) {
                 continue;
             }
 
             Amount n = IsSpent(COutPoint(walletEntry.first, i))
                            ? Amount::zero()
                            : wtx.tx->vout[i].nValue;
             balances[addr] += n;
         }
     }
 
     return balances;
 }
 
 std::set<std::set<CTxDestination>> CWallet::GetAddressGroupings() const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     std::set<std::set<CTxDestination>> groupings;
     std::set<CTxDestination> grouping;
 
     for (const auto &walletEntry : mapWallet) {
         const CWalletTx &wtx = walletEntry.second;
 
         if (wtx.tx->vin.size() > 0) {
             bool any_mine = false;
             // Group all input addresses with each other.
             for (const auto &txin : wtx.tx->vin) {
                 CTxDestination address;
                 // If this input isn't mine, ignore it.
                 if (!IsMine(txin)) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
                 if (!ExtractDestination(mapWallet.at(txin.prevout.GetTxId())
                                             .tx->vout[txin.prevout.GetN()]
                                             .scriptPubKey,
                                         address)) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
                 grouping.insert(address);
                 any_mine = true;
             }
 
             // Group change with input addresses.
             if (any_mine) {
                 for (const auto &txout : wtx.tx->vout) {
                     if (IsChange(txout)) {
                         CTxDestination txoutAddr;
                         if (!ExtractDestination(txout.scriptPubKey,
                                                 txoutAddr)) {
                             continue;
                         }
 
                         grouping.insert(txoutAddr);
                     }
                 }
             }
 
             if (grouping.size() > 0) {
                 groupings.insert(grouping);
                 grouping.clear();
             }
         }
 
         // Group lone addrs by themselves.
         for (const auto &txout : wtx.tx->vout) {
             if (IsMine(txout)) {
                 CTxDestination address;
                 if (!ExtractDestination(txout.scriptPubKey, address)) {
                     continue;
                 }
 
                 grouping.insert(address);
                 groupings.insert(grouping);
                 grouping.clear();
             }
         }
     }
 
     // A set of pointers to groups of addresses.
     std::set<std::set<CTxDestination> *> uniqueGroupings;
     // Map addresses to the unique group containing it.
     std::map<CTxDestination, std::set<CTxDestination> *> setmap;
     for (std::set<CTxDestination> _grouping : groupings) {
         // Make a set of all the groups hit by this new group.
         std::set<std::set<CTxDestination> *> hits;
         std::map<CTxDestination, std::set<CTxDestination> *>::iterator it;
         for (const CTxDestination &address : _grouping) {
             if ((it = setmap.find(address)) != setmap.end()) {
                 hits.insert((*it).second);
             }
         }
 
         // Merge all hit groups into a new single group and delete old groups.
         std::set<CTxDestination> *merged =
             new std::set<CTxDestination>(_grouping);
         for (std::set<CTxDestination> *hit : hits) {
             merged->insert(hit->begin(), hit->end());
             uniqueGroupings.erase(hit);
             delete hit;
         }
         uniqueGroupings.insert(merged);
 
         // Update setmap.
         for (const CTxDestination &element : *merged) {
             setmap[element] = merged;
         }
     }
 
     std::set<std::set<CTxDestination>> ret;
     for (const std::set<CTxDestination> *uniqueGrouping : uniqueGroupings) {
         ret.insert(*uniqueGrouping);
         delete uniqueGrouping;
     }
 
     return ret;
 }
 
 std::set<CTxDestination>
 CWallet::GetLabelAddresses(const std::string &label) const {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     std::set<CTxDestination> result;
     for (const std::pair<const CTxDestination, CAddressBookData> &item :
          m_address_book) {
         if (item.second.IsChange()) {
             continue;
         }
         const CTxDestination &address = item.first;
         const std::string &strName = item.second.GetLabel();
         if (strName == label) {
             result.insert(address);
         }
     }
 
     return result;
 }
 
 bool ReserveDestination::GetReservedDestination(CTxDestination &dest,
                                                 bool internal) {
     m_spk_man = pwallet->GetScriptPubKeyMan(type, internal);
     if (!m_spk_man) {
         return false;
     }
 
     if (nIndex == -1) {
         m_spk_man->TopUp();
 
         CKeyPool keypool;
         if (!m_spk_man->GetReservedDestination(type, internal, address, nIndex,
                                                keypool)) {
             return false;
         }
         fInternal = keypool.fInternal;
     }
     dest = address;
     return true;
 }
 
 void ReserveDestination::KeepDestination() {
     if (nIndex != -1) {
         m_spk_man->KeepDestination(nIndex, type);
     }
 
     nIndex = -1;
     address = CNoDestination();
 }
 
 void ReserveDestination::ReturnDestination() {
     if (nIndex != -1) {
         m_spk_man->ReturnDestination(nIndex, fInternal, address);
     }
     nIndex = -1;
     address = CNoDestination();
 }
 
 void CWallet::LockCoin(const COutPoint &output) {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     setLockedCoins.insert(output);
 }
 
 void CWallet::UnlockCoin(const COutPoint &output) {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     setLockedCoins.erase(output);
 }
 
 void CWallet::UnlockAllCoins() {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     setLockedCoins.clear();
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsLockedCoin(const COutPoint &outpoint) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
 
     return setLockedCoins.count(outpoint) > 0;
 }
 
 void CWallet::ListLockedCoins(std::vector<COutPoint> &vOutpts) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     for (COutPoint outpoint : setLockedCoins) {
         vOutpts.push_back(outpoint);
     }
 }
 
 /** @} */ // end of Actions
 
 void CWallet::GetKeyBirthTimes(std::map<CKeyID, int64_t> &mapKeyBirth) const {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
     mapKeyBirth.clear();
 
     LegacyScriptPubKeyMan *spk_man = GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
     assert(spk_man != nullptr);
     LOCK(spk_man->cs_KeyStore);
 
     // Get birth times for keys with metadata.
     for (const auto &entry : spk_man->mapKeyMetadata) {
         if (entry.second.nCreateTime) {
             mapKeyBirth[entry.first] = entry.second.nCreateTime;
         }
     }
 
     // map in which we'll infer heights of other keys
     std::map<CKeyID, const CWalletTx::Confirmation *> mapKeyFirstBlock;
     CWalletTx::Confirmation max_confirm;
     // the tip can be reorganized; use a 144-block safety margin
     max_confirm.block_height =
         GetLastBlockHeight() > 144 ? GetLastBlockHeight() - 144 : 0;
     CHECK_NONFATAL(chain().findAncestorByHeight(
         GetLastBlockHash(), max_confirm.block_height,
         FoundBlock().hash(max_confirm.hashBlock)));
     for (const CKeyID &keyid : spk_man->GetKeys()) {
         if (mapKeyBirth.count(keyid) == 0) {
             mapKeyFirstBlock[keyid] = &max_confirm;
         }
     }
 
     // If there are no such keys, we're done.
     if (mapKeyFirstBlock.empty()) {
         return;
     }
 
     // Find first block that affects those keys, if there are any left.
     for (const auto &entry : mapWallet) {
         // iterate over all wallet transactions...
         const CWalletTx &wtx = entry.second;
         if (wtx.m_confirm.status == CWalletTx::CONFIRMED) {
             // ... which are already in a block
             for (const CTxOut &txout : wtx.tx->vout) {
                 // Iterate over all their outputs...
                 for (const auto &keyid :
                      GetAffectedKeys(txout.scriptPubKey, *spk_man)) {
                     // ... and all their affected keys.
                     auto rit = mapKeyFirstBlock.find(keyid);
                     if (rit != mapKeyFirstBlock.end() &&
                         wtx.m_confirm.block_height <
                             rit->second->block_height) {
                         rit->second = &wtx.m_confirm;
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
     // Extract block timestamps for those keys.
     for (const auto &entry : mapKeyFirstBlock) {
         int64_t block_time;
         CHECK_NONFATAL(chain().findBlock(entry.second->hashBlock,
                                          FoundBlock().time(block_time)));
         // block times can be 2h off
         mapKeyBirth[entry.first] = block_time - TIMESTAMP_WINDOW;
     }
 }
 
 /**
  * Compute smart timestamp for a transaction being added to the wallet.
  *
  * Logic:
  * - If sending a transaction, assign its timestamp to the current time.
  * - If receiving a transaction outside a block, assign its timestamp to the
  *   current time.
  * - If receiving a block with a future timestamp, assign all its (not already
  *   known) transactions' timestamps to the current time.
  * - If receiving a block with a past timestamp, before the most recent known
  *   transaction (that we care about), assign all its (not already known)
  *   transactions' timestamps to the same timestamp as that most-recent-known
  *   transaction.
  * - If receiving a block with a past timestamp, but after the most recent known
  *   transaction, assign all its (not already known) transactions' timestamps to
  *   the block time.
  *
  * For more information see CWalletTx::nTimeSmart,
  * https://bitcointalk.org/?topic=54527, or
  * https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/1393.
  */
 unsigned int CWallet::ComputeTimeSmart(const CWalletTx &wtx) const {
     unsigned int nTimeSmart = wtx.nTimeReceived;
     if (!wtx.isUnconfirmed() && !wtx.isAbandoned()) {
         int64_t blocktime;
         if (chain().findBlock(wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock,
                               FoundBlock().time(blocktime))) {
             int64_t latestNow = wtx.nTimeReceived;
             int64_t latestEntry = 0;
 
             // Tolerate times up to the last timestamp in the wallet not more
             // than 5 minutes into the future
             int64_t latestTolerated = latestNow + 300;
             const TxItems &txOrdered = wtxOrdered;
             for (auto it = txOrdered.rbegin(); it != txOrdered.rend(); ++it) {
                 CWalletTx *const pwtx = it->second;
                 if (pwtx == &wtx) {
                     continue;
                 }
                 int64_t nSmartTime;
                 nSmartTime = pwtx->nTimeSmart;
                 if (!nSmartTime) {
                     nSmartTime = pwtx->nTimeReceived;
                 }
                 if (nSmartTime <= latestTolerated) {
                     latestEntry = nSmartTime;
                     if (nSmartTime > latestNow) {
                         latestNow = nSmartTime;
                     }
                     break;
                 }
             }
 
             nTimeSmart = std::max(latestEntry, std::min(blocktime, latestNow));
         } else {
             WalletLogPrintf("%s: found %s in block %s not in index\n", __func__,
                             wtx.GetId().ToString(),
                             wtx.m_confirm.hashBlock.ToString());
         }
     }
     return nTimeSmart;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::AddDestData(WalletBatch &batch, const CTxDestination &dest,
                           const std::string &key, const std::string &value) {
     if (boost::get<CNoDestination>(&dest)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     m_address_book[dest].destdata.insert(std::make_pair(key, value));
     return batch.WriteDestData(dest, key, value);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::EraseDestData(WalletBatch &batch, const CTxDestination &dest,
                             const std::string &key) {
     if (!m_address_book[dest].destdata.erase(key)) {
         return false;
     }
 
     return batch.EraseDestData(dest, key);
 }
 
 void CWallet::LoadDestData(const CTxDestination &dest, const std::string &key,
                            const std::string &value) {
     m_address_book[dest].destdata.insert(std::make_pair(key, value));
 }
 
 bool CWallet::GetDestData(const CTxDestination &dest, const std::string &key,
                           std::string *value) const {
     std::map<CTxDestination, CAddressBookData>::const_iterator i =
         m_address_book.find(dest);
     if (i != m_address_book.end()) {
         CAddressBookData::StringMap::const_iterator j =
             i->second.destdata.find(key);
         if (j != i->second.destdata.end()) {
             if (value) {
                 *value = j->second;
             }
 
             return true;
         }
     }
     return false;
 }
 
 std::vector<std::string>
 CWallet::GetDestValues(const std::string &prefix) const {
     std::vector<std::string> values;
     for (const auto &address : m_address_book) {
         for (const auto &data : address.second.destdata) {
             if (!data.first.compare(0, prefix.size(), prefix)) {
                 values.emplace_back(data.second);
             }
         }
     }
     return values;
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<WalletDatabase>
 MakeWalletDatabase(const std::string &name, const DatabaseOptions &options,
                    DatabaseStatus &status, bilingual_str &error_string) {
     // Do some checking on wallet path. It should be either a:
     //
     // 1. Path where a directory can be created.
     // 2. Path to an existing directory.
     // 3. Path to a symlink to a directory.
     // 4. For backwards compatibility, the name of a data file in -walletdir.
     const fs::path &wallet_path = fs::absolute(name, GetWalletDir());
     fs::file_type path_type = fs::symlink_status(wallet_path).type();
     if (!(path_type == fs::file_not_found || path_type == fs::directory_file ||
           (path_type == fs::symlink_file && fs::is_directory(wallet_path)) ||
           (path_type == fs::regular_file &&
            fs::path(name).filename() == name))) {
         error_string = Untranslated(
             strprintf("Invalid -wallet path '%s'. -wallet path should point to "
                       "a directory where wallet.dat and "
                       "database/log.?????????? files can be stored, a location "
                       "where such a directory could be created, "
                       "or (for backwards compatibility) the name of an "
                       "existing data file in -walletdir (%s)",
                       name, GetWalletDir()));
         status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_BAD_PATH;
         return nullptr;
     }
     return MakeDatabase(wallet_path, options, status, error_string);
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<CWallet>
 CWallet::Create(interfaces::Chain &chain, const std::string &name,
                 std::unique_ptr<WalletDatabase> database,
                 uint64_t wallet_creation_flags, bilingual_str &error,
                 std::vector<bilingual_str> &warnings) {
     const std::string &walletFile = database->Filename();
 
     chain.initMessage(_("Loading wallet...").translated);
 
     int64_t nStart = GetTimeMillis();
     bool fFirstRun = true;
     // TODO: Can't use std::make_shared because we need a custom deleter but
     // should be possible to use std::allocate_shared.
     std::shared_ptr<CWallet> walletInstance(
         new CWallet(&chain, name, std::move(database)), ReleaseWallet);
     DBErrors nLoadWalletRet = walletInstance->LoadWallet(fFirstRun);
     if (nLoadWalletRet != DBErrors::LOAD_OK) {
         if (nLoadWalletRet == DBErrors::CORRUPT) {
             error =
                 strprintf(_("Error loading %s: Wallet corrupted"), walletFile);
             return nullptr;
         }
 
         if (nLoadWalletRet == DBErrors::NONCRITICAL_ERROR) {
             warnings.push_back(
                 strprintf(_("Error reading %s! All keys read correctly, but "
                             "transaction data or address book entries might be "
                             "missing or incorrect."),
                           walletFile));
         } else if (nLoadWalletRet == DBErrors::TOO_NEW) {
             error = strprintf(
                 _("Error loading %s: Wallet requires newer version of %s"),
                 walletFile, PACKAGE_NAME);
             return nullptr;
         } else if (nLoadWalletRet == DBErrors::NEED_REWRITE) {
             error = strprintf(
                 _("Wallet needed to be rewritten: restart %s to complete"),
                 PACKAGE_NAME);
             return nullptr;
         } else {
             error = strprintf(_("Error loading %s"), walletFile);
             return nullptr;
         }
     }
 
     if (fFirstRun) {
         // Ensure this wallet.dat can only be opened by clients supporting
         // HD with chain split and expects no default key.
         walletInstance->SetMinVersion(FEATURE_LATEST);
 
         walletInstance->AddWalletFlags(wallet_creation_flags);
 
         // Only create LegacyScriptPubKeyMan when not descriptor wallet
         if (!walletInstance->IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DESCRIPTORS)) {
             walletInstance->SetupLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
         }
 
         if (!(wallet_creation_flags &
               (WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS | WALLET_FLAG_BLANK_WALLET))) {
             LOCK(walletInstance->cs_wallet);
             if (walletInstance->IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DESCRIPTORS)) {
                 walletInstance->SetupDescriptorScriptPubKeyMans();
                 // SetupDescriptorScriptPubKeyMans already calls SetupGeneration
                 // for us so we don't need to call SetupGeneration separately
             } else {
                 // Legacy wallets need SetupGeneration here.
                 for (auto spk_man :
                      walletInstance->GetActiveScriptPubKeyMans()) {
                     if (!spk_man->SetupGeneration()) {
                         error = _("Unable to generate initial keys");
                         return nullptr;
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
 
         walletInstance->chainStateFlushed(chain.getTipLocator());
     } else if (wallet_creation_flags & WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS) {
         // Make it impossible to disable private keys after creation
         error = strprintf(_("Error loading %s: Private keys can only be "
                             "disabled during creation"),
                           walletFile);
         return nullptr;
     } else if (walletInstance->IsWalletFlagSet(
                    WALLET_FLAG_DISABLE_PRIVATE_KEYS)) {
         for (auto spk_man : walletInstance->GetActiveScriptPubKeyMans()) {
             if (spk_man->HavePrivateKeys()) {
                 warnings.push_back(
                     strprintf(_("Warning: Private keys detected in wallet {%s} "
                                 "with disabled private keys"),
                               walletFile));
             }
         }
     }
 
     if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-mintxfee")) {
         Amount n = Amount::zero();
         if (!ParseMoney(gArgs.GetArg("-mintxfee", ""), n) ||
             n == Amount::zero()) {
             error = AmountErrMsg("mintxfee", gArgs.GetArg("-mintxfee", ""));
             return nullptr;
         }
         if (n > HIGH_TX_FEE_PER_KB) {
             warnings.push_back(AmountHighWarn("-mintxfee") + Untranslated(" ") +
                                _("This is the minimum transaction fee you pay "
                                  "on every transaction."));
         }
         walletInstance->m_min_fee = CFeeRate(n);
     }
 
     if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-maxapsfee")) {
         const std::string max_aps_fee{gArgs.GetArg("-maxapsfee", "")};
         Amount n = Amount::zero();
         if (max_aps_fee == "-1") {
             n = -1 * SATOSHI;
         } else if (!ParseMoney(max_aps_fee, n)) {
             error = AmountErrMsg("maxapsfee", max_aps_fee);
             return nullptr;
         }
         if (n > HIGH_APS_FEE) {
             warnings.push_back(
                 AmountHighWarn("-maxapsfee") + Untranslated(" ") +
                 _("This is the maximum transaction fee you pay (in addition to"
                   " the normal fee) to prioritize partial spend avoidance over"
                   " regular coin selection."));
         }
         walletInstance->m_max_aps_fee = n;
     }
 
     if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-fallbackfee")) {
         Amount nFeePerK = Amount::zero();
         if (!ParseMoney(gArgs.GetArg("-fallbackfee", ""), nFeePerK)) {
             error =
                 strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -fallbackfee=<amount>: '%s'"),
                           gArgs.GetArg("-fallbackfee", ""));
             return nullptr;
         }
         if (nFeePerK > HIGH_TX_FEE_PER_KB) {
             warnings.push_back(AmountHighWarn("-fallbackfee") +
                                Untranslated(" ") +
                                _("This is the transaction fee you may pay when "
                                  "fee estimates are not available."));
         }
         walletInstance->m_fallback_fee = CFeeRate(nFeePerK);
     }
     // Disable fallback fee in case value was set to 0, enable if non-null value
     walletInstance->m_allow_fallback_fee =
         walletInstance->m_fallback_fee.GetFeePerK() != Amount::zero();
 
     if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-paytxfee")) {
         Amount nFeePerK = Amount::zero();
         if (!ParseMoney(gArgs.GetArg("-paytxfee", ""), nFeePerK)) {
             error = AmountErrMsg("paytxfee", gArgs.GetArg("-paytxfee", ""));
             return nullptr;
         }
         if (nFeePerK > HIGH_TX_FEE_PER_KB) {
             warnings.push_back(AmountHighWarn("-paytxfee") + Untranslated(" ") +
                                _("This is the transaction fee you will pay if "
                                  "you send a transaction."));
         }
         walletInstance->m_pay_tx_fee = CFeeRate(nFeePerK, 1000);
         if (walletInstance->m_pay_tx_fee < chain.relayMinFee()) {
             error = strprintf(_("Invalid amount for -paytxfee=<amount>: '%s' "
                                 "(must be at least %s)"),
                               gArgs.GetArg("-paytxfee", ""),
                               chain.relayMinFee().ToString());
             return nullptr;
         }
     }
 
     if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-maxtxfee")) {
         Amount nMaxFee = Amount::zero();
         if (!ParseMoney(gArgs.GetArg("-maxtxfee", ""), nMaxFee)) {
             error = AmountErrMsg("maxtxfee", gArgs.GetArg("-maxtxfee", ""));
             return nullptr;
         }
         if (nMaxFee > HIGH_MAX_TX_FEE) {
             warnings.push_back(_("-maxtxfee is set very high! Fees this large "
                                  "could be paid on a single transaction."));
         }
         if (CFeeRate(nMaxFee, 1000) < chain.relayMinFee()) {
             error = strprintf(
                 _("Invalid amount for -maxtxfee=<amount>: '%s' (must be at "
                   "least the minrelay fee of %s to prevent stuck "
                   "transactions)"),
                 gArgs.GetArg("-maxtxfee", ""), chain.relayMinFee().ToString());
             return nullptr;
         }
         walletInstance->m_default_max_tx_fee = nMaxFee;
     }
 
     if (chain.relayMinFee().GetFeePerK() > HIGH_TX_FEE_PER_KB) {
         warnings.push_back(
             AmountHighWarn("-minrelaytxfee") + Untranslated(" ") +
             _("The wallet will avoid paying less than the minimum relay fee."));
     }
 
     walletInstance->m_spend_zero_conf_change =
         gArgs.GetBoolArg("-spendzeroconfchange", DEFAULT_SPEND_ZEROCONF_CHANGE);
 
     walletInstance->m_default_address_type = DEFAULT_ADDRESS_TYPE;
 
     walletInstance->WalletLogPrintf("Wallet completed loading in %15dms\n",
                                     GetTimeMillis() - nStart);
 
     // Try to top up keypool. No-op if the wallet is locked.
     walletInstance->TopUpKeyPool();
 
     LOCK(walletInstance->cs_wallet);
 
     // Register wallet with validationinterface. It's done before rescan to
     // avoid missing block connections between end of rescan and validation
     // subscribing. Because of wallet lock being hold, block connection
     // notifications are going to be pending on the validation-side until lock
     // release. It's likely to have block processing duplicata (if rescan block
     // range overlaps with notification one) but we guarantee at least than
     // wallet state is correct after notifications delivery. This is temporary
     // until rescan and notifications delivery are unified under same interface.
     walletInstance->m_chain_notifications_handler =
         walletInstance->chain().handleNotifications(walletInstance);
 
     int rescan_height = 0;
     if (!gArgs.GetBoolArg("-rescan", false)) {
         WalletBatch batch(*walletInstance->database);
         CBlockLocator locator;
         if (batch.ReadBestBlock(locator)) {
             if (const std::optional<int> fork_height =
                     chain.findLocatorFork(locator)) {
                 rescan_height = *fork_height;
             }
         }
     }
 
     const std::optional<int> tip_height = chain.getHeight();
     if (tip_height) {
         walletInstance->m_last_block_processed =
             chain.getBlockHash(*tip_height);
         walletInstance->m_last_block_processed_height = *tip_height;
     } else {
         walletInstance->m_last_block_processed.SetNull();
         walletInstance->m_last_block_processed_height = -1;
     }
 
     if (tip_height && *tip_height != rescan_height) {
         // We can't rescan beyond non-pruned blocks, stop and throw an error.
         // This might happen if a user uses an old wallet within a pruned node
         // or if they ran -disablewallet for a longer time, then decided to
         // re-enable
         if (chain.havePruned()) {
             // Exit early and print an error.
             // If a block is pruned after this check, we will load the wallet,
             // but fail the rescan with a generic error.
             int block_height = *tip_height;
             while (block_height > 0 &&
                    chain.haveBlockOnDisk(block_height - 1) &&
                    rescan_height != block_height) {
                 --block_height;
             }
 
             if (rescan_height != block_height) {
                 error = _("Prune: last wallet synchronisation goes beyond "
                           "pruned data. You need to -reindex (download the "
                           "whole blockchain again in case of pruned node)");
                 return nullptr;
             }
         }
 
         chain.initMessage(_("Rescanning...").translated);
         walletInstance->WalletLogPrintf(
             "Rescanning last %i blocks (from block %i)...\n",
             *tip_height - rescan_height, rescan_height);
 
         // No need to read and scan block if block was created before our wallet
         // birthday (as adjusted for block time variability)
         std::optional<int64_t> time_first_key;
         for (auto spk_man : walletInstance->GetAllScriptPubKeyMans()) {
             int64_t time = spk_man->GetTimeFirstKey();
             if (!time_first_key || time < *time_first_key) {
                 time_first_key = time;
             }
         }
         if (time_first_key) {
             if (std::optional<int> first_block =
                     chain.findFirstBlockWithTimeAndHeight(
                         *time_first_key - TIMESTAMP_WINDOW, rescan_height,
                         nullptr)) {
                 rescan_height = *first_block;
             }
         }
 
         {
             WalletRescanReserver reserver(*walletInstance);
             if (!reserver.reserve() ||
                 (ScanResult::SUCCESS !=
                  walletInstance
                      ->ScanForWalletTransactions(
                          chain.getBlockHash(rescan_height), rescan_height,
                          {} /* max height */, reserver, true /* update */)
                      .status)) {
                 error = _("Failed to rescan the wallet during initialization");
                 return nullptr;
             }
         }
         walletInstance->chainStateFlushed(chain.getTipLocator());
         walletInstance->database->IncrementUpdateCounter();
     }
 
     {
         LOCK(cs_wallets);
         for (auto &load_wallet : g_load_wallet_fns) {
             load_wallet(interfaces::MakeWallet(walletInstance));
         }
     }
 
     walletInstance->SetBroadcastTransactions(
         gArgs.GetBoolArg("-walletbroadcast", DEFAULT_WALLETBROADCAST));
 
     walletInstance->WalletLogPrintf("setKeyPool.size() = %u\n",
                                     walletInstance->GetKeyPoolSize());
     walletInstance->WalletLogPrintf("mapWallet.size() = %u\n",
                                     walletInstance->mapWallet.size());
     walletInstance->WalletLogPrintf("m_address_book.size() = %u\n",
                                     walletInstance->m_address_book.size());
 
     return walletInstance;
 }
 
 const CAddressBookData *
 CWallet::FindAddressBookEntry(const CTxDestination &dest,
                               bool allow_change) const {
     const auto &address_book_it = m_address_book.find(dest);
     if (address_book_it == m_address_book.end()) {
         return nullptr;
     }
     if ((!allow_change) && address_book_it->second.IsChange()) {
         return nullptr;
     }
     return &address_book_it->second;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::UpgradeWallet(int version, bilingual_str &error,
                             std::vector<bilingual_str> &warnings) {
     int prev_version = GetVersion();
     int nMaxVersion = version;
     // The -upgradewallet without argument case
     if (nMaxVersion == 0) {
         WalletLogPrintf("Performing wallet upgrade to %i\n", FEATURE_LATEST);
         nMaxVersion = FEATURE_LATEST;
         // permanently upgrade the wallet immediately
         SetMinVersion(FEATURE_LATEST);
     } else {
         WalletLogPrintf("Allowing wallet upgrade up to %i\n", nMaxVersion);
     }
 
     if (nMaxVersion < GetVersion()) {
         error = _("Cannot downgrade wallet");
         return false;
     }
 
     SetMaxVersion(nMaxVersion);
 
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     // Do not upgrade versions to any version between HD_SPLIT and
     // FEATURE_PRE_SPLIT_KEYPOOL unless already supporting HD_SPLIT
     int max_version = GetVersion();
     if (!CanSupportFeature(FEATURE_HD_SPLIT) &&
         max_version >= FEATURE_HD_SPLIT &&
         max_version < FEATURE_PRE_SPLIT_KEYPOOL) {
         error = _("Cannot upgrade a non HD split wallet without upgrading to "
                   "support pre split keypool. Please use version 200300 or no "
                   "version specified.");
         return false;
     }
 
     for (auto spk_man : GetActiveScriptPubKeyMans()) {
         if (!spk_man->Upgrade(prev_version, error)) {
             return false;
         }
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
 void CWallet::postInitProcess() {
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
 
     // Add wallet transactions that aren't already in a block to mempool.
     // Do this here as mempool requires genesis block to be loaded.
     ReacceptWalletTransactions();
 
     // Update wallet transactions with current mempool transactions.
     chain().requestMempoolTransactions(*this);
 }
 
 bool CWallet::BackupWallet(const std::string &strDest) const {
     return database->Backup(strDest);
 }
 
 CKeyPool::CKeyPool() {
     nTime = GetTime();
     fInternal = false;
     m_pre_split = false;
 }
 
 CKeyPool::CKeyPool(const CPubKey &vchPubKeyIn, bool internalIn) {
     nTime = GetTime();
     vchPubKey = vchPubKeyIn;
     fInternal = internalIn;
     m_pre_split = false;
 }
 
 int CWalletTx::GetDepthInMainChain() const {
     assert(pwallet != nullptr);
     AssertLockHeld(pwallet->cs_wallet);
     if (isUnconfirmed() || isAbandoned()) {
         return 0;
     }
 
     return (pwallet->GetLastBlockHeight() - m_confirm.block_height + 1) *
            (isConflicted() ? -1 : 1);
 }
 
 int CWalletTx::GetBlocksToMaturity() const {
     if (!IsCoinBase()) {
         return 0;
     }
 
     int chain_depth = GetDepthInMainChain();
     // coinbase tx should not be conflicted
     assert(chain_depth >= 0);
     return std::max(0, (COINBASE_MATURITY + 1) - chain_depth);
 }
 
 bool CWalletTx::IsImmatureCoinBase() const {
     // note GetBlocksToMaturity is 0 for non-coinbase tx
     return GetBlocksToMaturity() > 0;
 }
 
 std::vector<OutputGroup>
 CWallet::GroupOutputs(const std::vector<COutput> &outputs, bool single_coin,
                       const size_t max_ancestors) const {
     std::vector<OutputGroup> groups;
     std::map<CTxDestination, OutputGroup> gmap;
     std::set<CTxDestination> full_groups;
 
     for (const auto &output : outputs) {
         if (output.fSpendable) {
             CTxDestination dst;
             CInputCoin input_coin = output.GetInputCoin();
 
             size_t ancestors, descendants;
             chain().getTransactionAncestry(output.tx->GetId(), ancestors,
                                            descendants);
             if (!single_coin &&
                 ExtractDestination(output.tx->tx->vout[output.i].scriptPubKey,
                                    dst)) {
                 auto it = gmap.find(dst);
                 if (it != gmap.end()) {
                     // Limit output groups to no more than
                     // OUTPUT_GROUP_MAX_ENTRIES number of entries, to protect
                     // against inadvertently creating a too-large transaction
                     // when using -avoidpartialspends to prevent breaking
                     // consensus or surprising users with a very high amount of
                     // fees.
                     if (it->second.m_outputs.size() >=
                         OUTPUT_GROUP_MAX_ENTRIES) {
                         groups.push_back(it->second);
                         it->second = OutputGroup{};
                         full_groups.insert(dst);
                     }
                     it->second.Insert(input_coin, output.nDepth,
                                       output.tx->IsFromMe(ISMINE_ALL),
                                       ancestors, descendants);
                 } else {
                     gmap[dst].Insert(input_coin, output.nDepth,
                                      output.tx->IsFromMe(ISMINE_ALL), ancestors,
                                      descendants);
                 }
             } else {
                 groups.emplace_back(input_coin, output.nDepth,
                                     output.tx->IsFromMe(ISMINE_ALL), ancestors,
                                     descendants);
             }
         }
     }
     if (!single_coin) {
         for (auto &it : gmap) {
             auto &group = it.second;
             if (full_groups.count(it.first) > 0) {
                 // Make this unattractive as we want coin selection to avoid it
                 // if possible
                 group.m_ancestors = max_ancestors - 1;
             }
             groups.push_back(group);
         }
     }
     return groups;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsCrypted() const {
     return HasEncryptionKeys();
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsLocked() const {
     if (!IsCrypted()) {
         return false;
     }
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     return vMasterKey.empty();
 }
 
 bool CWallet::Lock() {
     if (!IsCrypted()) {
         return false;
     }
 
     {
         LOCK(cs_wallet);
         vMasterKey.clear();
     }
 
     NotifyStatusChanged(this);
     return true;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::Unlock(const CKeyingMaterial &vMasterKeyIn, bool accept_no_keys) {
     {
         LOCK(cs_wallet);
         for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
             if (!spk_man_pair.second->CheckDecryptionKey(vMasterKeyIn,
                                                          accept_no_keys)) {
                 return false;
             }
         }
         vMasterKey = vMasterKeyIn;
     }
     NotifyStatusChanged(this);
     return true;
 }
 
 std::set<ScriptPubKeyMan *> CWallet::GetActiveScriptPubKeyMans() const {
     std::set<ScriptPubKeyMan *> spk_mans;
     for (bool internal : {false, true}) {
         for (OutputType t : OUTPUT_TYPES) {
             auto spk_man = GetScriptPubKeyMan(t, internal);
             if (spk_man) {
                 spk_mans.insert(spk_man);
             }
         }
     }
     return spk_mans;
 }
 
 std::set<ScriptPubKeyMan *> CWallet::GetAllScriptPubKeyMans() const {
     std::set<ScriptPubKeyMan *> spk_mans;
     for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
         spk_mans.insert(spk_man_pair.second.get());
     }
     return spk_mans;
 }
 
 ScriptPubKeyMan *CWallet::GetScriptPubKeyMan(const OutputType &type,
                                              bool internal) const {
     const std::map<OutputType, ScriptPubKeyMan *> &spk_managers =
         internal ? m_internal_spk_managers : m_external_spk_managers;
     std::map<OutputType, ScriptPubKeyMan *>::const_iterator it =
         spk_managers.find(type);
     if (it == spk_managers.end()) {
         WalletLogPrintf(
             "%s scriptPubKey Manager for output type %d does not exist\n",
             internal ? "Internal" : "External", static_cast<int>(type));
         return nullptr;
     }
     return it->second;
 }
 
 std::set<ScriptPubKeyMan *>
 CWallet::GetScriptPubKeyMans(const CScript &script,
                              SignatureData &sigdata) const {
     std::set<ScriptPubKeyMan *> spk_mans;
     for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
         if (spk_man_pair.second->CanProvide(script, sigdata)) {
             spk_mans.insert(spk_man_pair.second.get());
         }
     }
     return spk_mans;
 }
 
 ScriptPubKeyMan *CWallet::GetScriptPubKeyMan(const CScript &script) const {
     SignatureData sigdata;
     for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
         if (spk_man_pair.second->CanProvide(script, sigdata)) {
             return spk_man_pair.second.get();
         }
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
 
 ScriptPubKeyMan *CWallet::GetScriptPubKeyMan(const uint256 &id) const {
     if (m_spk_managers.count(id) > 0) {
         return m_spk_managers.at(id).get();
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<SigningProvider>
 CWallet::GetSolvingProvider(const CScript &script) const {
     SignatureData sigdata;
     return GetSolvingProvider(script, sigdata);
 }
 
 std::unique_ptr<SigningProvider>
 CWallet::GetSolvingProvider(const CScript &script,
                             SignatureData &sigdata) const {
     for (const auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
         if (spk_man_pair.second->CanProvide(script, sigdata)) {
             return spk_man_pair.second->GetSolvingProvider(script);
         }
     }
     return nullptr;
 }
 
 LegacyScriptPubKeyMan *CWallet::GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan() const {
     if (IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DESCRIPTORS)) {
         return nullptr;
     }
     // Legacy wallets only have one ScriptPubKeyMan which is a
     // LegacyScriptPubKeyMan. Everything in m_internal_spk_managers and
     // m_external_spk_managers point to the same legacyScriptPubKeyMan.
     auto it = m_internal_spk_managers.find(OutputType::LEGACY);
     if (it == m_internal_spk_managers.end()) {
         return nullptr;
     }
     return dynamic_cast<LegacyScriptPubKeyMan *>(it->second);
 }
 
 LegacyScriptPubKeyMan *CWallet::GetOrCreateLegacyScriptPubKeyMan() {
     SetupLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
     return GetLegacyScriptPubKeyMan();
 }
 
 void CWallet::SetupLegacyScriptPubKeyMan() {
     if (!m_internal_spk_managers.empty() || !m_external_spk_managers.empty() ||
         !m_spk_managers.empty() || IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DESCRIPTORS)) {
         return;
     }
 
     auto spk_manager =
         std::unique_ptr<ScriptPubKeyMan>(new LegacyScriptPubKeyMan(*this));
     for (const auto &type : OUTPUT_TYPES) {
         m_internal_spk_managers[type] = spk_manager.get();
         m_external_spk_managers[type] = spk_manager.get();
     }
     m_spk_managers[spk_manager->GetID()] = std::move(spk_manager);
 }
 
 const CKeyingMaterial &CWallet::GetEncryptionKey() const {
     return vMasterKey;
 }
 
 bool CWallet::HasEncryptionKeys() const {
     return !mapMasterKeys.empty();
 }
 
 void CWallet::ConnectScriptPubKeyManNotifiers() {
     for (const auto &spk_man : GetActiveScriptPubKeyMans()) {
         spk_man->NotifyWatchonlyChanged.connect(NotifyWatchonlyChanged);
         spk_man->NotifyCanGetAddressesChanged.connect(
             NotifyCanGetAddressesChanged);
     }
 }
 
 void CWallet::LoadDescriptorScriptPubKeyMan(uint256 id,
                                             WalletDescriptor &desc) {
     auto spk_manager = std::unique_ptr<ScriptPubKeyMan>(
         new DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan(*this, desc));
     m_spk_managers[id] = std::move(spk_manager);
 }
 
 void CWallet::SetupDescriptorScriptPubKeyMans() {
     AssertLockHeld(cs_wallet);
 
     // Make a seed
     CKey seed_key;
     seed_key.MakeNewKey(true);
     CPubKey seed = seed_key.GetPubKey();
     assert(seed_key.VerifyPubKey(seed));
 
     // Get the extended key
     CExtKey master_key;
     master_key.SetSeed(seed_key.begin(), seed_key.size());
 
     for (bool internal : {false, true}) {
         for (OutputType t : OUTPUT_TYPES) {
             auto spk_manager =
                 std::make_unique<DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan>(*this, internal);
             if (IsCrypted()) {
                 if (IsLocked()) {
                     throw std::runtime_error(
                         std::string(__func__) +
                         ": Wallet is locked, cannot setup new descriptors");
                 }
                 if (!spk_manager->CheckDecryptionKey(vMasterKey) &&
                     !spk_manager->Encrypt(vMasterKey, nullptr)) {
                     throw std::runtime_error(
                         std::string(__func__) +
                         ": Could not encrypt new descriptors");
                 }
             }
             spk_manager->SetupDescriptorGeneration(master_key, t);
             uint256 id = spk_manager->GetID();
             m_spk_managers[id] = std::move(spk_manager);
             AddActiveScriptPubKeyMan(id, t, internal);
         }
     }
 }
 
 void CWallet::AddActiveScriptPubKeyMan(uint256 id, OutputType type,
                                        bool internal) {
     WalletBatch batch(*database);
     if (!batch.WriteActiveScriptPubKeyMan(static_cast<uint8_t>(type), id,
                                           internal)) {
         throw std::runtime_error(std::string(__func__) +
                                  ": writing active ScriptPubKeyMan id failed");
     }
     LoadActiveScriptPubKeyMan(id, type, internal);
 }
 
 void CWallet::LoadActiveScriptPubKeyMan(uint256 id, OutputType type,
                                         bool internal) {
     WalletLogPrintf(
         "Setting spkMan to active: id = %s, type = %d, internal = %d\n",
         id.ToString(), static_cast<int>(type), static_cast<int>(internal));
     auto &spk_mans =
         internal ? m_internal_spk_managers : m_external_spk_managers;
     auto spk_man = m_spk_managers.at(id).get();
     spk_man->SetInternal(internal);
     spk_mans[type] = spk_man;
 
     NotifyCanGetAddressesChanged();
 }
 
 bool CWallet::IsLegacy() const {
     if (m_internal_spk_managers.count(OutputType::LEGACY) == 0) {
         return false;
     }
     auto spk_man = dynamic_cast<LegacyScriptPubKeyMan *>(
         m_internal_spk_managers.at(OutputType::LEGACY));
     return spk_man != nullptr;
 }
 
 DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan *
 CWallet::GetDescriptorScriptPubKeyMan(const WalletDescriptor &desc) const {
     for (auto &spk_man_pair : m_spk_managers) {
         // Try to downcast to DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan then check if the
         // descriptors match
         DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan *spk_manager =
             dynamic_cast<DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan *>(
                 spk_man_pair.second.get());
         if (spk_manager != nullptr && spk_manager->HasWalletDescriptor(desc)) {
             return spk_manager;
         }
     }
 
     return nullptr;
 }
 
 ScriptPubKeyMan *
 CWallet::AddWalletDescriptor(WalletDescriptor &desc,
                              const FlatSigningProvider &signing_provider,
                              const std::string &label) {
     if (!IsWalletFlagSet(WALLET_FLAG_DESCRIPTORS)) {
         WalletLogPrintf(
             "Cannot add WalletDescriptor to a non-descriptor wallet\n");
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     LOCK(cs_wallet);
     auto new_spk_man = std::make_unique<DescriptorScriptPubKeyMan>(*this, desc);
 
     // If we already have this descriptor, remove it from the maps but add the
     // existing cache to desc
     auto old_spk_man = GetDescriptorScriptPubKeyMan(desc);
     if (old_spk_man) {
         WalletLogPrintf("Update existing descriptor: %s\n",
                         desc.descriptor->ToString());
 
         {
             LOCK(old_spk_man->cs_desc_man);
             new_spk_man->SetCache(old_spk_man->GetWalletDescriptor().cache);
         }
 
         // Remove from maps of active spkMans
         auto old_spk_man_id = old_spk_man->GetID();
         for (bool internal : {false, true}) {
             for (OutputType t : OUTPUT_TYPES) {
                 auto active_spk_man = GetScriptPubKeyMan(t, internal);
                 if (active_spk_man &&
                     active_spk_man->GetID() == old_spk_man_id) {
                     if (internal) {
                         m_internal_spk_managers.erase(t);
                     } else {
                         m_external_spk_managers.erase(t);
                     }
                     break;
                 }
             }
         }
         m_spk_managers.erase(old_spk_man_id);
     }
 
     // Add the private keys to the descriptor
     for (const auto &entry : signing_provider.keys) {
         const CKey &key = entry.second;
         new_spk_man->AddDescriptorKey(key, key.GetPubKey());
     }
 
     // Top up key pool, the manager will generate new scriptPubKeys internally
     new_spk_man->TopUp();
 
     // Apply the label if necessary
     // Note: we disable labels for ranged descriptors
     if (!desc.descriptor->IsRange()) {
         auto script_pub_keys = new_spk_man->GetScriptPubKeys();
         if (script_pub_keys.empty()) {
             WalletLogPrintf(
                 "Could not generate scriptPubKeys (cache is empty)\n");
             return nullptr;
         }
 
         CTxDestination dest;
         if (ExtractDestination(script_pub_keys.at(0), dest)) {
             SetAddressBook(dest, label, "receive");
         }
     }
 
     // Save the descriptor to memory
     auto ret = new_spk_man.get();
     m_spk_managers[new_spk_man->GetID()] = std::move(new_spk_man);
 
     // Save the descriptor to DB
     ret->WriteDescriptor();
 
     return ret;
 }
diff --git a/src/wallet/walletdb.h b/src/wallet/walletdb.h
index 03dbd5455..eee66d0bd 100644
--- a/src/wallet/walletdb.h
+++ b/src/wallet/walletdb.h
@@ -1,312 +1,310 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
 // Copyright (c) 2009-2016 The Bitcoin Core developers
 // Copyright (c) 2017-2020 The Bitcoin developers
 // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
 // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
 #ifndef BITCOIN_WALLET_WALLETDB_H
 #define BITCOIN_WALLET_WALLETDB_H
 
 #include <amount.h>
 #include <key.h>
 #include <script/sign.h>
 #include <script/standard.h> // for CTxDestination
 #include <wallet/bdb.h>
 #include <wallet/walletutil.h>
 
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 /**
  * Overview of wallet database classes:
  *
  * - WalletBatch is an abstract modifier object for the wallet database, and
  * encapsulates a database batch update as well as methods to act on the
  * database. It should be agnostic to the database implementation.
  *
  * The following classes are implementation specific:
  * - BerkeleyEnvironment is an environment in which the database exists.
  * - BerkeleyDatabase represents a wallet database.
  * - BerkeleyBatch is a low-level database batch update.
  */
 
 static const bool DEFAULT_FLUSHWALLET = true;
 
 struct CBlockLocator;
 class CKeyPool;
 class CMasterKey;
 class CScript;
 class CWallet;
 class CWalletTx;
 class uint160;
 class uint256;
 
 /** Error statuses for the wallet database */
 enum class DBErrors {
     LOAD_OK,
     CORRUPT,
     NONCRITICAL_ERROR,
     TOO_NEW,
     LOAD_FAIL,
     NEED_REWRITE
 };
 
 namespace DBKeys {
 extern const std::string ACENTRY;
 extern const std::string ACTIVEEXTERNALSPK;
 extern const std::string ACTIVEINTERNALSPK;
 extern const std::string BESTBLOCK;
 extern const std::string BESTBLOCK_NOMERKLE;
 extern const std::string CRYPTED_KEY;
 extern const std::string CSCRIPT;
 extern const std::string DEFAULTKEY;
 extern const std::string DESTDATA;
 extern const std::string FLAGS;
 extern const std::string HDCHAIN;
 extern const std::string KEY;
 extern const std::string KEYMETA;
 extern const std::string MASTER_KEY;
 extern const std::string MINVERSION;
 extern const std::string NAME;
 extern const std::string OLD_KEY;
 extern const std::string ORDERPOSNEXT;
 extern const std::string POOL;
 extern const std::string PURPOSE;
 extern const std::string SETTINGS;
 extern const std::string TX;
 extern const std::string VERSION;
 extern const std::string WALLETDESCRIPTOR;
 extern const std::string WALLETDESCRIPTORCACHE;
 extern const std::string WALLETDESCRIPTORCKEY;
 extern const std::string WALLETDESCRIPTORKEY;
 extern const std::string WATCHMETA;
 extern const std::string WATCHS;
 } // namespace DBKeys
 
 /* simple HD chain data model */
 class CHDChain {
 public:
     uint32_t nExternalChainCounter;
     uint32_t nInternalChainCounter;
     //! seed hash160
     CKeyID seed_id;
 
     static const int VERSION_HD_BASE = 1;
     static const int VERSION_HD_CHAIN_SPLIT = 2;
     static const int CURRENT_VERSION = VERSION_HD_CHAIN_SPLIT;
     int nVersion;
 
     CHDChain() { SetNull(); }
 
     SERIALIZE_METHODS(CHDChain, obj) {
         READWRITE(obj.nVersion, obj.nExternalChainCounter, obj.seed_id);
         if (obj.nVersion >= VERSION_HD_CHAIN_SPLIT) {
             READWRITE(obj.nInternalChainCounter);
         }
     }
 
     void SetNull() {
         nVersion = CHDChain::CURRENT_VERSION;
         nExternalChainCounter = 0;
         nInternalChainCounter = 0;
         seed_id.SetNull();
     }
 
     bool operator==(const CHDChain &chain) const {
         return seed_id == chain.seed_id;
     }
 };
 
 class CKeyMetadata {
 public:
     static const int VERSION_BASIC = 1;
     static const int VERSION_WITH_HDDATA = 10;
     static const int VERSION_WITH_KEY_ORIGIN = 12;
     static const int CURRENT_VERSION = VERSION_WITH_KEY_ORIGIN;
     int nVersion;
     // 0 means unknown.
     int64_t nCreateTime;
     // optional HD/bip32 keypath. Still used to determine whether a key is a
     // seed. Also kept for backwards compatibility
     std::string hdKeypath;
     // Id of the HD seed used to derive this key.
     CKeyID hd_seed_id;
     // Key origin info with path and fingerprint
     KeyOriginInfo key_origin;
     //! Whether the key_origin is useful
     bool has_key_origin = false;
 
     CKeyMetadata() { SetNull(); }
     explicit CKeyMetadata(int64_t nCreateTime_) {
         SetNull();
         nCreateTime = nCreateTime_;
     }
 
     SERIALIZE_METHODS(CKeyMetadata, obj) {
         READWRITE(obj.nVersion, obj.nCreateTime);
         if (obj.nVersion >= VERSION_WITH_HDDATA) {
             READWRITE(obj.hdKeypath, obj.hd_seed_id);
         }
         if (obj.nVersion >= VERSION_WITH_KEY_ORIGIN) {
             READWRITE(obj.key_origin);
             READWRITE(obj.has_key_origin);
         }
     }
 
     void SetNull() {
         nVersion = CKeyMetadata::CURRENT_VERSION;
         nCreateTime = 0;
         hdKeypath.clear();
         hd_seed_id.SetNull();
         key_origin.clear();
         has_key_origin = false;
     }
 };
 
 /**
  * Access to the wallet database.
  * Opens the database and provides read and write access to it. Each read and
  * write is its own transaction. Multiple operation transactions can be started
  * using TxnBegin() and committed using TxnCommit() Otherwise the transaction
  * will be committed when the object goes out of scope. Optionally (on by
  * default) it will flush to disk on close. Every 1000 writes will automatically
  * trigger a flush to disk.
  */
 class WalletBatch {
 private:
     template <typename K, typename T>
     bool WriteIC(const K &key, const T &value, bool fOverwrite = true) {
         if (!m_batch->Write(key, value, fOverwrite)) {
             return false;
         }
         m_database.IncrementUpdateCounter();
         if (m_database.nUpdateCounter % 1000 == 0) {
             m_batch->Flush();
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     template <typename K> bool EraseIC(const K &key) {
         if (!m_batch->Erase(key)) {
             return false;
         }
         m_database.IncrementUpdateCounter();
         if (m_database.nUpdateCounter % 1000 == 0) {
             m_batch->Flush();
         }
         return true;
     }
 
 public:
-    explicit WalletBatch(WalletDatabase &database, const char *pszMode = "r+",
-                         bool _fFlushOnClose = true)
-        : m_batch(database.MakeBatch(pszMode, _fFlushOnClose)),
-          m_database(database) {}
+    explicit WalletBatch(WalletDatabase &database, bool _fFlushOnClose = true)
+        : m_batch(database.MakeBatch(_fFlushOnClose)), m_database(database) {}
     WalletBatch(const WalletBatch &) = delete;
     WalletBatch &operator=(const WalletBatch &) = delete;
 
     bool WriteName(const CTxDestination &address, const std::string &strName);
     bool EraseName(const CTxDestination &address);
 
     bool WritePurpose(const CTxDestination &address,
                       const std::string &purpose);
     bool ErasePurpose(const CTxDestination &address);
 
     bool WriteTx(const CWalletTx &wtx);
     bool EraseTx(uint256 hash);
 
     bool WriteKeyMetadata(const CKeyMetadata &meta, const CPubKey &pubkey,
                           const bool overwrite);
     bool WriteKey(const CPubKey &vchPubKey, const CPrivKey &vchPrivKey,
                   const CKeyMetadata &keyMeta);
     bool WriteCryptedKey(const CPubKey &vchPubKey,
                          const std::vector<uint8_t> &vchCryptedSecret,
                          const CKeyMetadata &keyMeta);
     bool WriteMasterKey(unsigned int nID, const CMasterKey &kMasterKey);
 
     bool WriteCScript(const uint160 &hash, const CScript &redeemScript);
 
     bool WriteWatchOnly(const CScript &script, const CKeyMetadata &keymeta);
     bool EraseWatchOnly(const CScript &script);
 
     bool WriteBestBlock(const CBlockLocator &locator);
     bool ReadBestBlock(CBlockLocator &locator);
 
     bool WriteOrderPosNext(int64_t nOrderPosNext);
 
     bool ReadPool(int64_t nPool, CKeyPool &keypool);
     bool WritePool(int64_t nPool, const CKeyPool &keypool);
     bool ErasePool(int64_t nPool);
 
     bool WriteMinVersion(int nVersion);
 
     bool WriteDescriptorKey(const uint256 &desc_id, const CPubKey &pubkey,
                             const CPrivKey &privkey);
     bool WriteCryptedDescriptorKey(const uint256 &desc_id,
                                    const CPubKey &pubkey,
                                    const std::vector<uint8_t> &secret);
     bool WriteDescriptor(const uint256 &desc_id,
                          const WalletDescriptor &descriptor);
     bool WriteDescriptorDerivedCache(const CExtPubKey &xpub,
                                      const uint256 &desc_id,
                                      uint32_t key_exp_index,
                                      uint32_t der_index);
     bool WriteDescriptorParentCache(const CExtPubKey &xpub,
                                     const uint256 &desc_id,
                                     uint32_t key_exp_index);
 
     /// Write destination data key,value tuple to database.
     bool WriteDestData(const CTxDestination &address, const std::string &key,
                        const std::string &value);
     /// Erase destination data tuple from wallet database.
     bool EraseDestData(const CTxDestination &address, const std::string &key);
 
     bool WriteActiveScriptPubKeyMan(uint8_t type, const uint256 &id,
                                     bool internal);
 
     DBErrors LoadWallet(CWallet *pwallet);
     DBErrors FindWalletTx(std::vector<TxId> &txIds, std::list<CWalletTx> &vWtx);
     DBErrors ZapSelectTx(std::vector<TxId> &txIdsIn,
                          std::vector<TxId> &txIdsOut);
     /* Function to determine if a certain KV/key-type is a key (cryptographical
      * key) type */
     static bool IsKeyType(const std::string &strType);
 
     //! write the hdchain model (external chain child index counter)
     bool WriteHDChain(const CHDChain &chain);
 
     bool WriteWalletFlags(const uint64_t flags);
     //! Begin a new transaction
     bool TxnBegin();
     //! Commit current transaction
     bool TxnCommit();
     //! Abort current transaction
     bool TxnAbort();
 
 private:
     std::unique_ptr<DatabaseBatch> m_batch;
     WalletDatabase &m_database;
 };
 
 //! Compacts BDB state so that wallet.dat is self-contained (if there are
 //! changes)
 void MaybeCompactWalletDB();
 
 //! Callback for filtering key types to deserialize in ReadKeyValue
 using KeyFilterFn = std::function<bool(const std::string &)>;
 
 //! Unserialize a given Key-Value pair and load it into the wallet
 bool ReadKeyValue(CWallet *pwallet, CDataStream &ssKey, CDataStream &ssValue,
                   std::string &strType, std::string &strErr,
                   const KeyFilterFn &filter_fn = nullptr);
 
 /**
  * Return object for accessing dummy database with no read/write capabilities.
  */
 std::unique_ptr<WalletDatabase> CreateDummyWalletDatabase();
 
 /** Return object for accessing temporary in-memory database. */
 std::unique_ptr<WalletDatabase> CreateMockWalletDatabase();
 
 #endif // BITCOIN_WALLET_WALLETDB_H