CNode::m_relays_tx and CNode::m_bloom_filter_loaded access don't require
the Peer::TxRelay::m_bloom_filter_mutex lock, so move them out of the
lock scope.
See https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/21160#discussion_r736785417
and https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/21160#discussion_r736785662.
Backport of core#24692
Depends on D14711
Note that only one commit of that PR is applicable. The constness of peer in `PushNodeVersion` was fixed in D14710 and the fuzzers would require more fuzzer backports.