It appears that the evaluation order of the left and right parameters of BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL should not be relied upon, and will vary between compilers. This cause the test to fail if the proof has a dust stake because the right part state.GetResult() == ProofValidationResult::NONE is evaluated before state is assigned.

How to reproduce
Edit the proof_tests.cpp:29 line from:

const uint32_t score = InsecureRand32();

to:

const uint32_t score = MIN_VALID_PROOF_SCORE - 1000;

With clang the proof_tests pass as expected, but it fails with gcc as the state is evaluated before it is set.

Edit the line as mentioned above, then with both GCC and Clang:

ninja check-avalanche-proof_tests

The test should succeed with both compilers.