Preserve the LockData initial state if "potential deadlock detected" exception thrown

Summary:

Preserve initial state if push_lock() throws exception

test: Repeat deadlock tests

test: Add LockStackEmpty()

This is a backport of core#19340

Test Plan: With TSAN: ninja check check-functional

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, majcosta

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, majcosta

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D10059