validation: Pass in chainstate to CTxMemPool::check

Summary:
This is the only instance where validation reaches for something outside of it.

This is a backport of core#21055 [11/16]
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/21055/commits/4744efc9bae8b22efb76152a3c045d054c880399

Depends on D11215

Test Plan: ninja all check-all

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D11216