Make --enable-debug to pick better options

Summary:
Various changes:

• Don't check $GCC and $GXX
• Prefer -Og instead of -O0
• If -g3 isn't available, use -g

This also incidentally fixes compiler warnings with GCC and glibc when
using
--enable-debug, as the old default values mixed poorly with the
hardening flags.

Backport of core PR13005
This is a follow-up for D2556

Note: there is a dependency which is not backported here, and provides
gprof support. As it is not related with this diff, and likely no one is
running gprof, I prefer not backporting it. It can always be added later
if necessary.

Test Plan:

./autogen.sh
mkdir build && cd build
../configure --enable-debug

Check in the configure report that the optimization CXXFLAGS are correct
(depends on your compiler, but likely -Og -g3)

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix

Subscribers: teamcity, schancel

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D2561