[refactor] Add versionbits deployments to deploymentstatus.h

Summary:
Adds support for versionbits deployments to DeploymentEnabled,
DeploymentActiveAfter and DeploymentActiveAt. Also moves versionbitscache
from validation to deploymentstatus.

This is a partial backport of core#19438
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/19438/commits/de55304f6e7a8b607e6b3fc7436de50910747b0c

Depends on D12220

Test Plan: ninja all check-all

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Subscribers: Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D12223