Implement SQLiteDatabaseVersion

Summary:
This is a backport of core#19077 [4/26]
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/19077/commits/ca8b7e04ab89f99075b093fa248919fd10acbdf7

Depends on D10542

Test Plan:
With clang-tidy:
ninja

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D10543