refactor: Use type-safe std::chrono in net
Summary:
This is a backport of core#23758 [1/3]
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/23758/commits/fad7ead146a152f46b25ce6623e05cbb1dbc8cca
Test Plan: ninja all check-all bitcoin-bench bitcoin-fuzzers && src/bench/bitcoin-bench
Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien
Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien
Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D11084