[backport#14696 2/2] New regression testing for CVE-2018-17144, CVE-2012-2459, and CVE-2010-5137.

Summary:
CVE-2018-17144 and CVE-2012-2459 are only partially tested for regression.

• CVE-2018-17144 is not tested for the inflation bug.
• CVE-2012-2459 is only tested for the mutated block being rejected, not

for the original block being accepted afterwards.

This commit fixes that limitation.

Also added functional test for CVE-2010-5137.

This concludes backport of PR14696 - part 2 of 2
Depends on D8018

Test Plan: ninja && test/functional/test_runner.py p2p_invalid_block.py p2p_invalid_tx.py

Reviewers: O1 Bitcoin ABC, #bitcoin_abc, jasonbcox, deadalnix

Reviewed By: O1 Bitcoin ABC, #bitcoin_abc, jasonbcox, deadalnix

Subscribers: deadalnix, jasonbcox

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D8026