rpc: more detailed errors for getblockfrompeer
Summary:
This is a partial backport of core#23706
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/23706/commits/34d5399211eeb61e7e7961c301fb2ddea8aa3f6a
Depends on D12719
Test Plan: ninja all check-all
Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien
Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien
Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D12720