Merge #14024: qa: Add TestNode::assert_debug_log

Summary:
fa3e9f7627 qa: Add TestNode::assert_debug_log (MarcoFalke)

Pull request description:

Closes #13006

Tree-SHA512: 8e2d2331039d70525a425aad65a4eaf9b83fb1f85a4260d69453176f04dbede6dd9b7bb4d5f089b46cf8f8c98571aa6ba7fac8fa6847bb3bdf6a6ad21a27b1a7

Backport of Core PR14024
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/14024/files

Test Plan: test_runner.py p2p_invalid_tx

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D3860