test: check for invalid -prune parameters

Summary:
Backport of core#22684.

Note that the chronik incompatibility test has its own functional test.

Test Plan:

./test/functional/test_runner.py feature_pruning

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D17388