Implement SQLiteDatabase::Verify

Summary:
This is a backport of core#19077 [16/26]
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/19077/commits/727e6b2a4ee5abb7f2dcbc9f7778291908dc28ad

Note: the code in the original commit does not compile. I had to declare int ret in SQLiteDatabase::Verify

Depends on D10563

Test Plan:
With clang-tidy:
ninja

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D10564