[backport#14696 1/2] Added comments referencing multiple CVEs in tests and production code.

Summary:

This commit adds comments referencing multiple CVEs both in production and test code.
CVEs covered in this commit:

CVE-2010-5137
CVE-2010-5139
CVE-2010-5141
CVE-2012-1909
CVE-2012-2459
CVE-2012-3789
CVE-2018-17144

Backport of Core PR14696 - part 1 of 2
Commit https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/14696/commits/38bfca6bb2ad68719415e9c54a981441052da072

Test Plan:
ninja && ninja check
(just to make sure the src/test/data/script_tests.json change didn't break anything)

Reviewers: O1 Bitcoin ABC, #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix

Reviewed By: O1 Bitcoin ABC, #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix

Subscribers: deadalnix

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D8018