[net processing] Annotate m_recently_announced_{invs|proofs} as guarded by g_msgproc_mutex and move to Peer

Summary:
This is a partial backport of core#26140
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/26140/commits/938a8e2566bf2f819adeb75a08c0c8ba9a85fe1c
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/26140/commits/279c53d7e4e920d3d09da74689761a2961b1a636
Depends on D15291

Test Plan:
With Debug

ninja all check-all

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Subscribers: Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D15292