Add configure options for various -fsanitize flags

Summary:

• Clean old sanitizer build options
• Add --with-sanitizers option to configure

This enables the use of different compiler sanitizers, coresponding to
the -fsanitize option in GCC and Clang.

• build: Show enabled sanitizers in configure output

This is a backport of Core PR12692 and PR12901

Test Plan:

../configure --with-sanitizers=address
make
../configure --with-sanitizers=undefined
make
../configure --with-sanitizers=thread
make

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, jasonbcox

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, jasonbcox

Subscribers: teamcity

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D1921