Merge #14108: tests: Add missing locking annotations and locks (g_cs_orphans)

Summary:
b602c9b3af tests: Add missing locking annotations and locks (practicalswift)

Pull request description:

Add missing locking annotations and locks.

`mapOrphanTransactions` is guarded by `g_cs_orphans`.

Tree-SHA512: f95104fbef23bd385e754c6bea3c3bdddd8a9c6a68e719d761227c9be1e46ff1316ec050a15a1243218dbab4e8584da6674f4a72f949f54b0a758392f19c83f8

Backport of Core PR14108
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/14108/

Test Plan:

cmake -GNinja .. -DENABLE_WERROR=ON
ninja check

Also run build-werror and build-tsan builds.

Reviewers: deadalnix, Fabien, jasonbcox, O1 Bitcoin ABC, #bitcoin_abc

Reviewed By: jasonbcox, O1 Bitcoin ABC, #bitcoin_abc

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D4967