net_processing: move CNode data access out of lock

Summary:
CNode::m_relays_tx and CNode::m_bloom_filter_loaded access don't require
the Peer::TxRelay::m_bloom_filter_mutex lock, so move them out of the
lock scope.

See https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/21160#discussion_r736785417
and https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/21160#discussion_r736785662.

Backport of core#24692
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/24692/commits/21154ff9270e4bbae02d9012a4a73cce86a00334

Depends on D14711

Note that only one commit of that PR is applicable. The constness of peer in PushNodeVersion was fixed in D14710 and the fuzzers changes would require more fuzzer backports.

Test Plan: ninja all check-all

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D14712