script: create sane error return codes for script validation and remove logging

Attempt to codify the possible error statuses associated with script
validation. script/types.h has been created with the expectation that it will
be part of the public lib interface. The other flag enums will be moved here in
a future commit.

Logging has also been removed in order to drop the dependency on core.h. It can
be re-added to bitcoind as-needed. This makes script verification finally free
of application state and boost!