ci: Adjust Docker image to Debian 12 "bookworm"

Summary:

Changes in packages are significant, for instance:

    gcc 10.2. --> 12.2
    clang 11.0 --> 14.0
    wine 5.0 --> 8.0

which requires certain adjustments provided in this PR.

Partial backport of secp256k1#1356.
The first commit is missing due to a missing dependency, and part of the last one because we don't have windows support yet.

Depends on D18158.

This unbreaks the secp256k1 CI on master.

Test Plan: See CI (the issue occurs after the CI migration to bookworm) here: https://cirrus-ci.com/build/6479968802177024

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D18159