build: Patch Qt to handle minimum macOS version properly

Summary:

This change is required to switch to macOS 14 SDK (Xcode 15).

Backport of core#28851.

Depends on D17205.

Test Plan: Run the GUIX builds.

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D17206