refactor, validation: Add ChainstateManagerOpts db options

Summary:
Use ChainstateManagerOpts struct to remove ArgsManager uses from validation.cpp.

This commit does not change behavior.

This concludes backport of core#25862
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/25862/commits/aadd7c5b9b43a38beaa954b4cb8c2fff55f2200f

Depends on D16093

Test Plan:

cmake .. -GNinja -DBUILD_BITCOIN_CHAINSTATE=ON
ninja all check-all

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D16094