build: Add format string linter

Summary:
This linter checks that the number of arguments passed to each variadic format
string function matches the number of format specifiers in the format string.

Backport of core PR13705

Test Plan:

./test/lint/lint-format-strings.sh

Reviewers: jasonbcox, #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix

Subscribers: deadalnix, schancel, teamcity

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D2025