logging: add LogPrintfCategory to log unconditionally with category

Summary:

logging: add LogPrintfCategory to log unconditionally with category

prefixing the output with the passed category name.

• add documentation
• add a unit test
• update lint-logs.py
• update lint-format-strings.py

logging: use LogPrintfCategory rather than a manual category

Here we update only the log messages that manually print a category.

In upcoming commits, LogPrintCategory will likely be used in many
other cases, such as to replace LogPrintf where it makes sense.

This is a backport of core#25306
Depends on D17222

Test Plan: ninja all check-all

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D17223