[backport#16542 1/4] Return an error from descriptor Parse that gives more information about what failed

Summary:
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/16542/commits/c325f619dd071b5489989f645e42cace8eb23fb4

Depends on D6641

Partial backport of Core PR16542

Test Plan:

ninja check
ninja
test_runner.py wallet_importmulti

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D6642