[net processing] Move ping data fields to net processing

Summary:
Partial backport of core#20721:
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/20721/commits/45dcf2266125c65d7f546bdb211a278bd090a284

Depends on D10898.

Ref T1696.

Test Plan:

ninja all check-all

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Maniphest Tasks: T1696

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D10899