net: Log to net category for exceptions in ProcessMessages

Summary:

Remove the forest of special exceptions, and simply log a short
message to the NET logging category when an exception happens during
packet processing. It is not good to panick end users with errors
that any peer can generate (let alone writing to stderr).

Add missing typeinfo includes
The use of typeid() for logging exception types requires this include
according to https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/typeid.

This is a backport of Core PR17762

Test Plan: ninja && ninja check

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D8390