Backport base58 tests from PR11167

Summary:
As per title.

https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/11167/commits/6565c5501cfe7755585fd72f6329eea4c5eb2bf1
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/11167/commits/bd355b8db9ffaacaafd10eb14f6b74cf00d8fc06

Test Plan:

make check

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Subscribers: Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D3509