test: add factor option to adjust test timeouts

Summary:
Co-authored-by: MarcoFalke <falke.marco@gmail.com>
This PR adds a new option factor that can be used to adjust timeouts in various functional tests.
Several timeouts and functions from authproxy, mininode, test_node and util have been adapted to use this option. The factor-option definition is located in test_framework.py.
Fixes #18266
Also Fixes #18834

This is a backport of Core PR18617

Test Plan: ninja check-functional

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Subscribers: Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D9027