node/chainstate: Reduce coupling of LogPrintf

Summary:

...by moving the try/catch out of LoadChainstate

Partial backport of core#23280:
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/23280/commits/aad8d597890c3707ae96fdb2b9fadc270ca574dd

Depends on D12571.

Note that the extra scope will be removed in a follow up.

Test Plan:

ninja all check-all

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D12572