Improve asmap checks and add sanity check
Summary:
This improves/documents the failure cases inside the asmap interpreter. None of the changes are bug fixes (they only change behavior for corrupted asmap files), but they may make things easier to follow. In a second step, a sanity checker is added that effectively executes every potential code path through the asmap file, checking the same failure cases as the interpreter, and more. It takes around 30 ms to run for me for a 1.2 MB asmap file. I've verified that this accepts asmap files constructed by https://github.com/sipa/asmap/blob/master/buildmap.py with a large dataset, and no longer accepts it with 1 bit changed in it.
Backport of core PR18512.
Test Plan:
ninja all check-all ninja bitcoin-fuzzers ./test/fuzz/test_runner.py <path_to_corpus>
Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK
Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, PiRK
Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D9055