[refactor] Use Reasons directly instead of DoS codes

Summary:
This is a partial backport of Core PR15141 : https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/15141/commits/ef54b486d5333dfc85c56e6b933c81735196a25d

Depends on D6707

Test Plan:

ninja all check-all

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, majcosta

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, majcosta

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D6708