refactor: Reduce number of SanityChecks return values and return util::Result

Summary:
This is a partial backport of core#25308
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/25308/commits/6db6552377ad6316626b3ab8605a98f96f22c3d2

with changes from core#25977 applied

Previous work related to core#25308 and core#25977 (D14614 and D14992) didn't include these changes because of out-of-order backports

Depends on D17723

Test Plan: ninja all check-all

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, Fabien

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D17736