[CI] Refactor the build configuration by moving out tests from the build

Summary:
This makes it easier to individually add and configure each step for
each configuration, and makes the whole build definition easier to read.

As a (good) side effect the functional tests are no longer run with the next
upgrade enabled with the asan and ubsan configurations, and use the
standard cutoff.

Depends on D3992 and D4014.

Test Plan: Run the CI builds/IBD and check the builds are green (ubsan excepted).

Reviewers: #bitcoin_abc, deadalnix, jasonbcox

Reviewed By: #bitcoin_abc, jasonbcox

Subscribers: jasonbcox

Differential Revision: https://reviews.bitcoinabc.org/D3993