Removes the usage of atoi, which is not locale-independent, and replaces it with a new function LocaleIndependentAtoi, which is.
- test: Add test cases for LocaleIndependentAtoi
- fuzz: Assert legacy atoi(s) == LocaleIndependentAtoi<int>(s)
- fuzz: Assert legacy atoi64(s) == LocaleIndependentAtoi<int64_t>(s)
Backport from core#20452.