12781db [Tests] check specific validation error in miner tests (Sjors Provoost)

Pull request description:

• 1. Problem
     
     BOOST_CHECK_THROW merely checks that some std::runtime_error is thrown, but not which one.
     
     Here's an example of how this can cause a test to pass when a developer introduces a consensus bug. The test for the sigops limit assumes that CreateNewBlock fails with bad-blk-sigops. However it can also fail with bad-txns-vout-negative, if a naive developer lowers BLOCKSUBSIDY to 1*COIN.
  2. Solution
     
     BOOST_CHECK_EXCEPTION allows an additional predicate function. This commit uses this for all exceptions that are checked for in miner_tets.cpp:
• bad-blk-sigops
• bad-cb-multiple
• bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent
• block-validation-failed
  
  If the function throws a different error, the test will fail. Although the message produced by Boost is a bit confusing, it does show which error was actually thrown. Here's what the above 1*COIN bug would result in:
  
  <img width="1134" alt="schermafbeelding 2017-09-02 om 23 42 29" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/10217/29998976-815cabce-9038-11e7-9c46-f5f6cfb0ca7d.png">
  1. Other considerations
     
     A more elegant solution in my opinion would be to subclass std::runtime_error for each INVALID_TRANSACTION type, but this would involve touching consensus code.
     
     I put the predicates in test_bitcoin.h because I assume they can be reused in other test files. However serialize_tests.cpp also uses BOOST_CHECK_EXCEPTION and it defines the predicate in the test file itself.
     
     Instead of four IsRejectInvalidReasonX(std::runtime_error const& e) functions, I'd prefer something reusable like bool IsRejectInvalidReason(String reason)(std::runtime_error const& e), which would be used like BOOST_CHECK_EXCEPTION(functionThatThrows(), std::runtime_error, IsRejectInvalidReason("bad-blk-sigops"). I couldn't figure out how to do that in C++.

Tree-SHA512: e364f19b4ac19f910f6e8d6533357f57ccddcbd9d53dcfaf923d424d2b9711446d6f36da193208b35788ca21863eadaa7becd9ad890334d334bccf8c2e63dee1

Backport of Core PR11220
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/11220/

Note: the exceptions we check for are slightly different and as follows:
bad-blk-sigops
bad-tx-coinbase
bad-txns-inputs-missingorspent
blk-bad-inputs

Depends on D4081